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Anxiety Disorders (Diagnostic Criteria DSM V (Panic attack (abrupt surges…

- - - - post-encounter (fear)
        
        freezing behavior to decrease detection & attack (abandoned once predator makes contact)
        
        mPFC - amygdala - PAG network
        
        Fear-subcortical forebrain
      - circa-strike defense
        
        Fighting, biting, jumping, vocalizations
        
        Panic- Midbrain PAG
        
        most dominant: dl PAG
        
        inhibition of forebrain circuits
      - pre-encounter (anxiety)
        
        Anxiety-PFC
        
        rats: meal reorganization, cautiousness in leaving the nesting ares
        
        harm may potentially occur but is distant or low in probability
        
        enhanced vigilance, risk assessment
      - differentiates behavior + specifies when these modes will be activated or suppressed
      - changes in psychological distance from contact with the predator controls response mode selection eg. actual spatial distance
      - greater threats treated as closer than minor threats
      - over evolution we have developed repertoire of adaptive responses to threats
      - defensive behaviors fall along a predatory imminence continuum
      - imminence is influenced by spatial & temporal distance of the predator + characteristics of threat
      - anxiety disorders are a distortion of predatory imminence: greater perception of imminent threat
  - - - nonassociative & associative fear learning used to distinguish
      - anxiety as positive modulation of normal fear responding
      - consequence of anxiety is to increase fear behaviors e.g. freezing --> limitation: fails to behaviorally differentiate between fear/anxiety
    - - same limitation as SEFL
      - explains how an acute threat may recruit DRN in order to modulate amygdala & PAG to increase and change fear responding
    - - distinction between CeA mediated acute fear & BNST mediated sustained fear
      - meets antecedent/ causal requirements for useful distinction of fear/anxiety
      - limitation: doesn't differentiate fear vs. anxiety responses (sustained & acute threat responses are the same)
      - two parallel pathways to support defensive behavior
    - - there is no way to say what the antecedent causes of anxiety are
    - - Little Albert: fear, not anxiety
      - differentiation fear/anxiety: responding to explicit cue paired with shock models fear and responding to contextual cues paired with shock models anxiety (also, contextual fear depends on dorsal hippocampus & BNST
      - limitation: no relation between contextual/cued and fear/anxiety, cued & contextual conditioning produces same responses/effect