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Pope Urban II's speech at Clermont and the calling of the First Crusade
Pope Urban II's speech at Clermont and the calling of the First Crusade
Religious Zeal
Caliph Al-Hakim "the Mad"
Ordered the desecration of the "Holy Sepulcher" among other artifacts
Ordered the destruction of all Christian churches and Jewish synagogues in and around Jerusalem
Actions against Christians in the Holy Land
Torture, murder and mutilation of Christian settlers in Jerusalem
Supposed widespread rape of women
Opportunity
Infighting between the Seljuk Empire and the Fatimid Caliphate
The armies of both powers would be weakened and unable to unite against a semi-united Christian European army
Relics
Artifacts that were considered Holy by Catholic and Orthodox Churches remained just out of reach by Catholic Europe
The Holy Land changed hands between the Byzantines, the Fatimids and the Seljuks multiple times
Fears of Muslim invasion
Anatolia (Turkey) almost completely seized by the Seljuk Empire
Byzantine Empire pleading with the rest of Christendom for aid
Muslim slavers and pirates have been attacking southern France and Sicily and most of the Mediterranean for years
Muslim raiders have gone so far as to try and sack Rome on at least one occasion
Delivery/Audience
Audience
Speech given directly to peasants and religious leaders present at Clermont, France
Speech was given to the other European kingdoms, calling them to war
Delivery
Delivery was strong; peasants and priests alike were moved by the speech
The common folk were so deeply moved, the Pope had to calm the crowd down multiple times
Ethos/Logos/Pathos
Pope Urban II was a "Frank", had significant Ethos for the Franks of Europe (Germans and French)