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Viruses (Viruses are formidable pathogens in Animals and Plants (Emerging…

- - - - harmless derivative of a pathogen that stimulates the immune system to mount defenses against the harmful pathogen
      - prevent viral illnesses
      - antibiotics
        
        help recover from bacterial infections
  - - - widespread outbbreak
    - - global epidemic
  - - - horizontal transmission
        
        a plant is infected from an external source of the virus
        
        plant becomes more susceptible to viral infeections if it has been damaged by the wind, injury, or herbivores
        
        herbivores pose a double threat because they can also act as carriers of viruses transmitting disease from plant to plant
      - vertical transmission
        
        in which a plant inherits a viral infection from a parent
        
        can occur in asexual propagation or in sexual reproduction via infected seeds
    - - proteins that appear to cause a number of degenerative brain diseases in various animal species
      - EX: scrapie in sheep, mad cow disease
      - slow acting, virtually indestructible infectious proteins that cause brain diseases in mammals
- - - - Protein shell enclosing the viral genome
    - - derived from the membranes of the host cell, containing host cell phospholipids and membrane proteins
      - Also contain: proteins and glycoproteins of viral origin
- - - - a phage that replicates only by a lytic cycle
  - - - phages capable of using both modes of replicating within a bacterium
      - Ex: E. Coli
    - - prevents transcription of most of the other prophage genes
- - - - Ex: Herpesviruses
      - Have double stranded DNA genome and replicate within the host cell nucleus using a combination of viral and cellular enzymes to replicate and transcribed their DNA
  - - - 3 types of single stranded RNA
        
        Class IV
        
        serve as mRNA and thus can be translated into viral protein immediately after infection
        
        Class V
        
        RNA genome serves instead as a template for mRNA synthesis
        
        Class VI
        
        RNA animal viruses with the most complicated replicative cycles that are retroviruses
        
        have enzymes called reverse transcriptase that transcribes an RNA template into DNA
        
        Ex: HIV
        
        retroviruses that causes AIDS
        
        retroviruses are enveloped viruses that contain two identical molecules of single stranded RNA and two molecules of reverse transcriptase
    - - never leaves the host genome remaining a permanent resident of the cell