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Chapters 4 and 5 (Carbon (Isomers (Enantomers (Mirror images, Used in…

- - - - Could have been a stage in the origin of life
  - - - Different covalent arrangements
    - - Same covalent bonds, different skeletal arrangements
    - - Mirror images
      - Used in pharmacies
  - - - Presence of rings
      - Double bend position
      - Branching
      - Length
  - - - Only differ in valence configuration
    - - Components of organic molecules
      - Common in chemical reactions
      - Hydroxyl
        
        Alcohol
        
        Polar
        
        Hydrogen bonds with water
      - Carbonxyl
        
        Ketone aldetyde
        
        Sugars
      - Carboxyl
        
        Organic acid
        
        Acid
      - Phosphate
        
        Organic phosphate
        
        Negative charge
      - Amino
        
        Amine
        
        Base
      - Sulfhydryl
        
        Helps stabilize protein structure
      - Methyl
        
        Methylated compound
        
        Affectd shape and function of sex hormones
- - - - Sugars
      - Monosaccharides
        
        Glucose
      - Forms in rings
      - Disaccharide
        
        Dehydration reaction joins two monosaccharides
        
        Forms covalent bond called glycosidic
      - Polysaccharides
        
        Polymers of sugars
        
        Starch
        
        Glycogen
        
        Chitin
        
        Forms tue exoskeleton of arthropods
        
        Provides structural support for cell walls of fungi
    - - One class that doesnt have true polymers
      - Mix poorly with water
        
        Hydrophobic
      - Fats
        
        Glycerol
        
        Fatty acids
        
        Fats separate from water
        
        Saturated fatty acids
        
        Max hydrogen atoms
        
        No doubles bonds
        
        Unsaturated fats
        
        One or more double bonds
        
        Polyspholipids
        
        Main purpose of fat is to store energy
      - Steriods
        
        Lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton fuzed by 4 rings
        
        Cholesterol
    - - Nucleotides
      - Pynmidines and purines
      - Phosphodiester linkage
      - Antiparallel
    - - Protein functions
        
        Defense
        
        Storage
        
        Transport
        
        Communication
        
        Movement
        
        Structural support
      - Can speed up chemical proccesses
        
        Enzymes
      - Uses the same amino acids
        
        Peptide bonds
        
        Formed by a hydrogen bond
      - Protein structure
        
        Primary
        
        Unique sequence of amino acids
        
        Secondary
        
        Coils and folds
        
        Tertiary
        
        Determined by side chains (R groups)
        
        Quaternary
        
        Results with multiple polypeptide chains