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Virtual Reality (Panoramic Paintings c. 19th century (1838: Charles…

- - - - Patented 1931. The first flight simulator that mimicked turbulence and other conditions. Six were used in the military to train future pilots. (Virtual Reality Society, 2017)
      - 1939: William Gruber's View Master
        
        Designed for "virtual tourism", this stereoscope paved the way for Google Cardboard. (Virtual Reality Society, 2017)
        
        1957: Morton Heilig's Sensorama https://youtu.be/vSINEBZNCks)
        
        The filmmaker created a booth equipped with fans, smell generators, stereo speakers, and a stereoscopic 3D display that offered the user a completely immersive experience while watching the films he created exclusively for this device. In 1960 he patented the world's first head-mounted display (HMD), the Telesphere Mask, offering stereo sound, stereoscopic 3D and wide vision. (Virtual Reality Society, 2017)
        
        1968: Ivan Sutherland's Sword of Damocles https://youtu.be/NtwZXGprxag)
        
        The first HMD created, the Sword of Damocles was named so for the nature of its design. Though somewhat uncomfortable, this was the first VR/AR HMD that was connected to a computer rather than a camera. The "ultimate display" superimposed computer-generated images on top of a real background, and it has been argued that this was "the birth of augmented reality". (Dormehl, 2017)
        
        1979: Thomas Furness' Supercockpit
        
        1987: The term "Virtual Reality" (VR) coined by Jaron Lanier
        
        The founder of the visual programming lab (VPL), granted this technology its official, and lasting, name. Lanier developed much VR gear in his career, to include the Dataglove, a major development in haptics (tactile VR). His company (VPL) also developed the Eyephone HMD and Virtual Reality goggles. (Virtual Reality Society, 2017)
        
        Beginning in 1987: Video Game VR Revolution
        
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        Also known as the "Grandfather of Virtual Reality and Augmented Reality", Thomas Furness created a HMD for the flight simulator. He eventually developed a "training cockpit" that projected computer-generated 3D maps, radar and infrared images, and avionics data into a "real-time 3D space" (Real Time is defined as "less than 50ms latency", VRS). Truly a remarkable training device, the user is capable of controlling the virtual aircraft using speech, gestures, and eye movements. (Huaman, 2018)
        
        c. 1970: "Needs Assessment" identified and established within the instructional development (ID) process
        
        An analytic process whereby objectives of a given instructional system/design are determined. This helped guide the development process and enhance instructional design so that the instructional developer could work to ensure all objectives were adequately implemented and supported. (Shrock, 1995)
        
        1962: Robert Glaser introduces the term "instructional system"
        
        Glaser identifies the void between educational practices and psychological research in learning. He frames and explains the various components of an "instructional system" and describes the importance of instructional technology. (Shrock, 1995)
        
        1965: Robert Gagne's
        The Conditions of Learning
        is published
        
        The "Father of Instructional Design" details five domains of learning outcomes (in order: "verbal information, intellectual skills, psychomotor skills, attitudes, and cognitive strategies") and nine conditions of learning. These conditions meet the five outcomes in varying ways. He introduced the concept of "events of instruction" imperative to obtain any given learning outcome. He is also responsible for the implementation of what is known as "learning task analysis" (or "instructional task analysis"), a hierarchical process used to determine what "subordinate skills" are necessary prior to a student learning "superordinate skills". His work was invaluable to military training and to later instructional design in schools. (Reiser, 2001)
        
        1946: Edgar Dale's Cone of Experience
        
        Edgar Dale developed a model associated with learning processes and instructional design (ID). He outlined the effectiveness of different sensory experiences and actions in the learning process. Ultimately, he asserted that "learning by doing" was more impactful than any other method. This paved the way for the implementation and use of audio-visual applications in the educational realm. (Anderson, 2001)
        
        1954: B.F. Skinner's The Science of Learning and the Art of Teaching is published.
        
        In this article, Skinner ignited the programmed instruction movement by asserting that instructional materials should be composed of small steps, expect clear responses to questions, offer immediate feedback, and allow the learner to progress at their own pace. He also introduced the concept of formative evaluation, a "trial and revision" method of refining instruction to meet the given goals (defined in terms of objectives) of a given instructional design. (Reiser, 2001)
      - 1934: Ralph Tyler's Eight-Year Study
        
        Considered the "father of the behavioral objectives movement", Tyler propounded that objectives should be made clear by defining them "in behavioral terms", and that objectives would determine a measure of "the effectiveness of instruction". (Reiser, 2001)
    - - Piaget establishes an "action-oriented model" of instruction, built on multiple levels of reasoning about possibility and necessity, asserting that logical thinking is "constructed by the learner in self-directed or peer collaborative research on topics of interest to the students" (Gredler, 2009)