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Chapter 14: Behavior Therapy (Techniques of Operant Conditioning…
Chapter 14: Behavior Therapy
Origins
Clinical application of behavioral principles
Ivan Pavlov: Russia late 1800s/early 1900s; studied digestive system of dogs and ultimately discovered classical conditioning
John Watson: US early 1900s; first US psychologist to argue that psychology should study observable responses and the stimuli that precede them (rather than the inner workings of the mind)- classical conditioning
Operant conditioning
Edward Lee Thorndike: law of effect (all organisms pay attention to the consequences of their actions) and pleasurable consequences that follow are more likely to recur
B.F. Skinner: Experimented with the law of effect; believed that operant conditioning was as important to behavior as classical conditioning
Goal of Behavior Therapy
Observable behavior change
The study of human behavior should be scientific
Scientific method: observing a phenomenon, developing hypothesis, testing hypothesis, observing outcome of the tests, revising the hypothesis (maybe cycle again)
Behaviors are not symptoms of underlying problems- behaviors are the problem
Easy to identify target behaviors and measure changes in therapy
Describe observable, measurable behaviors & explain that the behaviors aren't symptoms of a deeper problem
Establishing baselines and measuring progress on a regular basis
Does not endorse the medical model of psychology
Measuring Change
Observable changes involves defining problems from the outset
Reject introspection (reject the notion that an objective assessment of change can be attained by looking inside the mind) and rather believe that behavior is an outward indicator of client change
Classical Conditioning
Unconditioned stimulus & unconditioned response: a certain stimulus will evoke a natural response
Conditioned stimulus & conditioned response: one stimulus evokes unnatural response (originally natural response with unconditioned stimulus)
Passive type of learning
Generalization: conditioned response is evoked by stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus
Discrimination: conditioned response is not evoked by stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus
Operant Conditioning
Organism operates on the environment, notices the consequences of the behavior and incorporates the consequences into future decisions about the behavior
Active type of learning
Based on contingencies (if...then...)
Techniques of Classical Conditioning
Exposure therapy: client is exposed to feared object and aversive outcome doesn't occur
Phobias (result of classical conditioning): stimulus is paired with an aversive outcome
Imaginal exposure: visualizing phobia and phobia-related items
In vivo exposure: see, hear and touch phobia
Graded exposure: gradual approach to exposure therapy
Anxiety hierarchy: list and rate stimuli that induce fear- exposure begins at lease distressing stimulus
Flooding/implosion: exposure that happens all at once
Exposure and response prevention: exposure to obsessive thoughts or situations while preventing typical response
Systematic desensitization: repairing/counterconditioning feared object with a new response incompatible with anxiety
Relaxation training: therapist teaches client progressive relaxation techniques in which various muscles are systematically tensed and relaxed
Assertiveness training: targets clients' social anxieties- used for people whose timid, apprehensive or ineffectual social behavior has a negative impact on their lives
Begins with direct instructions from the behavior therapist about what to say/do in a particular situation, then assertive behaviors are modeled and the client rehearses behavior before they use them for real
Techniques of Operant Conditioning
Contingency management: change contingencies that control behavior
Reinforcement: any consequence that makes a behavior more likely to recur in the future (generally preferred)
Punishment: any consequence that makes a behavior less likely to recur in the future
Positive= adding a consequence
Negative= removing a consequence
Positive reinforcement: getting something good
Negative reinforcement: losing something bad
Positive punishment: getting something bad
Negative punishment: losing something good
Aversion therapy: an unwanted behavior creates an aversive stimulus
Extinction: removal of an expected reinforcement that results in a decrease in the frequency of a behavior
Extinction burst: immediately after reinforcement is removed, behavior worsens before it gets better
Token economy: clients earn tokens for participating in predetermined target behaviors, which can be exchanged for a reinforcement
Shaping: reinforcing successive approximations of the target behavior- taking baby steps because target behavior is difficult to accomplish entirely at outset
Behavioral activation: designed to treat depression; during the day-to-day lives of depressed people, there is a shortage of positive reinforcement so the goal is to increase the frequency of behaviors that are positively reinforcing to the client which leads the client to experience more positive emotions and become more fully engaged in their lives
Observational learning: modeling/social learning- clients learn from contingencies applied to other people; clients observe demonstration of the desired behavior and is given changes to imitate it
Albert Bandura: psychologist who studied the effects of modeling
Models are most effective when they are more similar to the client
Imitation: client mimics the modeled behavior
Vicarious learning: client observes the modeled behavior and also the model receiving consequences for the modeled behavior
Alternatives to Behavior Therapy
Behavioral consultation: involves the client, consultee (person who spends significant time int he natural setting with the client and has some control over contingencies that govern the client's behavior) and the consultant (therapist)
Stage 1: initiation of consulting relationship, establishing roles & responsibiliites
Step 2: problem identification: target behavior, occurrence, baseline and goals are determined
Step 3: Problem analysis: reinforcement contingency is identified
Step 4: plan implementation
Step 5: plan evaluation: progress from baseline toward goals is measured
Parent training: parents seek help with problematic behaviors of their children (form of behavioral consultation)
Behavior therapist may never see child directly- education occurs with parent
Teacher training: similar to parent training, but with an emphasis on the school setting with teachers; some problem behaviors are interpersonal while others are academic