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acids and bases + periodic table (Acids and Bases (acid and base reactions…
acids and bases + periodic table
Acids and Bases
acids vs. bases
Acids: ( hydrogen = H+)
(it is easiest to study acids when they are dissolved in water) - common lab acids are formed into a so they aren't harmful & other acids are found in solid form
contain, H+ (aq), hydrogen
aste sour
react with many metals, oxides,
carbonate compounds & hydroxide compounds
acids can be put into 2 groups:
organic acids
made by living things
most are solids
found in a home
not very reactive & called weak acid
example:
ethanoic acid = CH3COOH
mineral acids:
commonly used in the lab
tend to be more reactive
called 'strong' acid
(because when in a solution,
they are fully separated into their ions)
examples;
Hydrochloric acid = HCl (aq)
sulfuric acid = H2SO4 (aq)
Bases examples:
bicarb soda
soap (+ basically anything that cleans)
ammonia
sodium hydroxide (salt)
cement
Acid examples:
lemon/citric acid
viniger
cocacola
gastirc acid
hydrochloric acid
Bases or Alkali ; (hydroxide = OH-)
Bases neutralize an acid, many household cleaners contain bases
when a base dissolves in water it forms Hydroxide ions,
OH- (aq)
all bases:
form OH- in a solution
taste bitter & may feel soapy
Alkalies:
(not all bases dissolve in water)
bases that dissolve in
water are called an alkali,
these are soluble bases
(hydrogen (H+), acctualy = H3O+)
because an acid = H+ & water = H2O
H2O + H+ = H3O+
the
pH scale
:
the pH scale is a scale of numbers
that indicates how acidic
or basic a solution/substance is
PH = potential hydrogen
number 0-14:
0 = most acidic
14 = most basic
7 = neutral
strong Acids: H+ >> OH-
weak acids: H+ > OH-
Neutral: H+= OH-
weak acids: H+ < OH-
strong acids: H+ << OH-
some common indicator colors
litmus paper:
base = blue litmus
acid = red litmus
phenolphthalein:
base = crimson
acid = colourless
universal indicator:
base = blue/purple
acid = yellow/red
acid and base reactions: (all the following are basic)
acid +
metal carbonate
= salt + water + CO2
acid +
hydrogen carbonates
= salt + water + CO2
acid +
metal oxide
= metal salt + water
Neutralisation:
Acids + Base = salt + water
water is formed as a result of a neutralization reaction:
H+ (aq) + OH- (aq) = H2O (water, a neutralization substance)
acid +
hydroxide
= salt + water
different acid and metal
reactions:
hydrochloric acid
+ base metal =
metal chloride
+ water
sulfuric acid
+ base metal =
metal sulfate
+ water
nitric acid
+ base metal =
metal nitrate
+ water
the salt = a metal/ionic comound
test for CO2:
to test for Co2
use the limewater test
limewater turns cloudy (milky) when there is CO2
combine the two substances you are testing in a test tube and then using a delivery tube pass the gas produced (if any) into the limewater
if the gas is CO2 it will turn the limewater cloudy
(limewater = calcium hydroxide solution)
if the base is a solid then the metal is used up/dissolved
exothermic
reactions: reaction that makes it
hot
endothermic
reaction - reaction that makes it
cold
Observations:
metal oxide = solid will "disapere", change colour or become colourless - metal hydroxide = solid will dissapear/desolve or when solutions are added, heat s prouced
metal carbonate = hen solutions are added, bubbles (CO2) are formed
metal hydroxide = when solutions are added , bubbles (CO2) ar formed
Acids & Bases are opposites
when Acids & Bases react, the properties of the former compounds are bothe removed
when in water (aqueous) solutions
Base
; forms hydroxide ions (
OH-
)
Acid
; forms hydrogen ions (
H+
)
(aq) = aqueous
(means the acid/base has
been mixed with
water
/diluted)
saturated solution
= no more solute
can dissolve in the solution
periodic tables
position of elements on the periodic table:
groups
= columns / vertical, 1-8(18)
groups contain elements with similer chemical properties
some interesting goups are;
halogen = group 7/17
inert/nobel gases = group 18
alkali metals = group 1
having a full valence shell makes the ions stable, the more empty it is the more unstable 'as it wants to make friends'
periods
= rows / horizontal
electron arrangement effects the position of elements on the periodic table
metals are located on the left
non-metals are located on the right
metalloids are in the middle
3 states of matter
: liquids, solids, gases
liquid:
particles are close together
move around each other in random ways, colliding with each other
medium energy
solid:
particles are closely packed togeather ( in fixed position)
particles vibrate but don't move out of fixed position
less energy
gas:
:
particles are far appart
move rapidly and in randome ways
high energy
changes in state ( changes in state are physical changes)
gas to liquid = condensing/liquifying
liquid to gas = evaporating/vaporizing/boiling
liquid to solid = solidifying/freezing
solid to liquid = melting/fusing
solid to gas = subliming
gas to solid = reverse subliming