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Geography :earth_asia: (Coasts (Erosion (Erosional Landforms (Firstly, a…

- - - - Firstly, a crack will form in the headland due to erosion; a weakness in the headland is exploited.
      - As the crack widens, a cave is created as more erosion occurs.
      - When the cave erodes all the way through the headland, an arch will be created
      - Eventually, the roof of the arch collapses due to it being too heavy to support.
      - When the arch has collapsed, a stack is left
      - As the stack erodes at the bottom, it becomes very wobbly and in the end it collapses, leaving a stump.
      - Headlands - are parts of the coastline that stick out into the sea. They are made of hard rock. This means that they are less easily eroded. They have features such as cliffs
      - Bays- are parts of the coastline that cut into the land. They are made of soft rock. This means they are more easily eroded. They have features such as beaches
    - - Spits
        
        Sediment is carried by longshore drift.
        
        When there is a change in shape of the headland, a long line of deposited material is formed. This is a spit.
        
        A hooked end can occur if there is a change in the wind direction.
        
        Since water couldn't pass the spit, the space behind the spit is very sheltered. Therefore, mud and materials are deposited behind this spit to create a salt marsh.
      - Bars - Sometimes spits can grow and join 2 headlands to create a bar. The old bay becomes a lagoon because the water has been trapped inside and separated from the sea. A lagoon may not last forever because it could be replaced by sediments.
      - Tombolos - A spit grows out into a sea and soon reaches an island. When the spit reaches the island the spit turns into a path that leads to the island and turned into a tombolo.
  - - - gravity of the sun
      - sea plants
      - Global warming - if ocean heats up, more evaporation, more storms
      - natural disasters
      - wind
      - sea creatures
      - air pressure
      - earthquake => tsunami
      - transportation
      - distance of wind travel
    - - Diagram of a wave
      - Parts: Crest, Trough, Amplitude (wave height), Still water level, Wavelength
      - The stronger the wind is, the more time it blows for and the longer the fetch, the longer the waves will be
    - - Swash: Goes on land. Backwash: From land back to the coast.
      - Constructive wave: Smaller in height, less energy. Weak backwash causing less erosion. Stronger swash to push materials on to the beach
      - Destructive wave: Larger in height, high frequency. With a stronger backwash, it will slowly erode the sand and materials. Weak swash and only little beach building
  - - - Hard Engineering - Involves major constructions, usually very expensive and visually unattractive.
        
        Sea wall - Prevents Erosion
        
        Pros: Effective way of stopping erosion, has walkways on top
        
        Cons: Looks unattractive for tourists, very expensive
        
        Rock armour - Breaks waves and absorbs the energy
        
        Pros: Cheaper than seawall, can be used for fishing
        
        Cons: They don't blend in with the environment because the rocks are from a different place transported to another, expensive to transport
      - Soft Engineering - Involves structures that works with natrual processes and tries to look better and fitting to the beach.
        
        Dune nourishment - Marran grass (a type of grass that grows on coasts) added to the beach
        
        Pros: Kind of cheap, makes beach looks natural
        
        Cons: Can easily be damaged by storm waves, will block beach from public
        
        Beach nourishment - Sand added to make it bigger
        
        Pros: Blends in with the beach, tourists likes the beach to be bigger
        
        Cons: Needs to be constantly replaced, sand needs to be brought in from somewhere else
    - - Residential and Fishing
        
        Hotels and lakes for fishing
      - Economic and trading
        
        Ships and buildings used for business purposes
      - Tourism and Recreation
        
        People want to visit the beach for entertainment
      - Coastal protection
        
        Prevents affection from weathering and erosion
      - Transport
        
        Ships and yachts travelling overseas
- - - - SEEP
        
        Economic
        
        Environmental
        
        Social
        
        Political
  - - - Before trains, planes and other vehicles were invented, boats on the river was the main way to travel, merchandising, visiting people, pretty much all reasons why people have a vehicle now. Although there were horses, they get tired and need resources to feed them and keep them healthy if you want to travel a long way.
      - In the earlier times of the human civilisation, people believed that travelling overseas were the fastest way of reaching another destination and as you may know, rivers are linked to seas which is why early civilizations had chosen to settle down next to rivers like the Indus River from India or the Yellow River from China.
    - - There are so many features if you're next to the river like getting water, different types of fish and animals living in the river, river floodplains could also wash up nutrients and creating floodplains for flat land making it easy to construct next to the river.
      - Considering the fact that 70% of Earth is surrounded by water, 97% of that amount is sea water which can't be used, drinked, farmed, or manufactured on. Rivers weren't as salty which was why large cities depend on rivers to live in the early ages.
      - Currently, 3.2 billion people rely on fish for almost 20% of their protein.