Please enable JavaScript.

Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.

Chapters 4-5 (Carbon (Skeletons (Double bonds, but varies in the number…

- - - - Stanley Miller
        
        helped bring nonliving synthesis of organic compounds into the context of evolution
        
        Hydrogen
        
        Oxygen
        
        CArbon
        
        Sulfur
        
        Nitrogen
        
        Phosphorus
      - Friedrich Wohler
        
        attempted to make "inorganic" salt, ammonium cyanate
        
        Urea CO (NH2)
        
        has one carbon atom
  - - - Closed rings
      - Staright
      - Branched
    - - wherever electrons are available for covelant bonding
        
        release a lot of energy
        
        Gasoline
        
        Petroleum
- - - - "sickle cell crises" - angular cell dogs clog tiny blood vessels
      - #6 Glumin, instead produces valance hemoglobin made correctly oxygen is not carried correctly, gene expression (blue print for DNA)
- - - - Oxygen
      - Hydrogen
      - Nitrogen
- - - - carbon have covalent bonds to the same atoms but differ in spatial arrangements
        
        cis isomer
        
        the 2 X's are on the same side
        
        trans isomer
        
        the 2 X's are on opposite sides
    - - mirror images of each other and differin shape due to aymmetric carbon
        
        Ibuprofen
        
        Albuterol
    - - differ in covalent arrangements of their atoms
        
        Pentane
        
        Methylbutane
- - - - —COOH
        
        Carboxylic acid
        
        Organic acid
    - - >C=O
        
        Ketone
        
        Aldehyde
    - - —SH
        
        Thiol
    - - —OH
        
        Alcohol
    - - —OPO32−
        
        ATP (Adenosine triphosphate)
        
        more complicated organic molecule
        
        loses one phosphate
        
        ADP (diphosphate)
        
        1 more item...
        
        energy
    - - — CH3
        
        Methylated compound
    - - —NH2
        
        Amine
- - - - want to bind
        
        come together and make water, when they break free from monomers
        
        then make a polymer
- - - - Proteins
        
        Monomer- repeating units that serve as a building block of a polymer Polymer - many similar or identical building blocks linked by covalent bonds Dimer - 2 building blocks of molecules together
        
        amino acids (all have same structure purple)
        
        Diceptide- 2 amino acid redidues
        
        Catalyst- chemical agents that speed up chemical reaction without being consumed in action
        
        Polypeptide- polymer of amino acids
        
        1 more item...
        
        Protein Structure
        
        Tertiary
        
        polypeptide
        
        Quaternary
        
        overall polypeptide subunits
        
        Secondary
        
        hydrogen bonds
        
        Primary
        
        Amino acids
        
        has amino end and carboxyl end
        
        Denaturation
        
        protein loses is shape and deforms
        
        Temperature
        
        environmental factors
        
        pH
      - Carbohydrates
        
        Monomer- repeating units that serve as a building block of a polymer Polymer - many similar or identical building blocks linked by covalent bonds Dimer - 2 building blocks of molecules together
        
        Monosaccharides (glucose), galactose, fructose, ribose
        
        Dissacharide- 2 monosaccharides
        
        Chitin and Polysaccharide (starch = glucose monymers, animals store them)
        
        Glycoside linkage - takes out water, 2 monomers hooked together
      - Lipids
        
        fat- glycerol and fatty acids
        
        Fatty acid - long carbon skeleton, 16 or 18 in length
        
        -
        
        Saturated fats- saturated with hydrogen
        
        trans fats- coronary heart disease
        
        Unsaturated fats- one or more double bonds with one fewer hydrogen atom on each double bonded carbon
        
        Triaclyglycerol- fattyacids linked to one glycerol
        
        Steroids - lipids characterized by carbon skeleton, 4 fused rings
        
        Phospholipid- 2 fatty acids attached to glycerol instead of 3
      - Nucleic Acid
        
        Monomer- repeating units that serve as a building block of a polymer Polymer - many similar or identical building blocks linked by covalent bonds Dimer - 2 building blocks of molecules together
        
        Polynucleotides - nucleic acids
        
        Nucleotide- 5 carbon sugars, nitrogen, phosphate
        
        RNA
        
        enable to reproduce complex components for next generation
        
        1 more item...
        
        Single standed
        
        1 more item...
        
        missing oxygen
        
        DNA
        
        genetic material
        
        1 more item...
        
        double stranded molecule
        
        2 more items...
        
        Purines- larger, six-membered ring
        
        pyrimidine- one six- membered ring of carbon
    - - macromolecules that speed up chemical reactions
- - - - Digestion