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Sodium Abnormalities (Hypernatraemia (Clinical Findings (Lethargy,…
Sodium Abnormalities
Hypernatraemia
Clinical Findings
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Seizures, focal neurology
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Causes
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Hypervolaemic
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Cushing's. steroid use, primary hyperaldosteronism
Hypovolaemic
Renal losses including diuretics, renal failure, glycosuria
Extra-renal losses including diarrhoea, diaphoresis, resp losses
Investigations
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Urine osmolality: high in GI/other insensible losses; low in diabetes insipidus; normal in renal failure and diuretics
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Hyponatraemia
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Clinical Findings
Early: anorexia, nausea, malaise
Later stage: increased ICP --> headache, irritability, confusion, decreased GCS
Muscle twitching, weakness, hyperactive deep tendon reflexes, increased falls risk
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