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carbon (Movement (Combustion (Carbon dioxide, Water, Energy), Ocean carbon…

- - - - Litter
        
        Organic matter
        
        Humic substances found in soil
    - - Coal
        
        Oil
        
        Natural gas
        
        Oil shale
        
        Carbonate based
  - - - 19% of the carbon in the Earth's biosphere is stored in plants
    - - This is defined as fresh, undecomposed and easily recognisable plant debris from leaves, cones, needles, twigs, bark etc..
    - - This originates from litter decomposition.
    - - An accumulation of partially decayed vegetation of organic matter that is unique to natural areas called peatlands of mires
  - - - Carbon is stored in permafrost
      - Arctic tundra stores
      - Carbon sequestration locks carbon up for hundreds of years
- - - - Melting of terrestrial ice
        
        Persistently high temperatures have led to an increased rate of summer melting; and a drop in snowfall in shorter winters
      - Thermal expansion
        
        When water heats up, it expands
        
        If the oceans continues to warm up, sea levels will rise by 0.8m - 2m by 2100
      - Sea level rise in 20th century estimated at 1.5cm
      - 21st century predicted rise of 5-10 cm per decade
    - - Disruption of the Atlantic Ocean currents especially the Arctic conveyer
    - - CO2 + H20 + CO3 = 2HCO3
        
        With less carbonate available, the animals need to expend more energy to build these shells.
        As a result mend up with more fragile and thinner shells.
        
        Carbonic acid reacts with the carbonate ions in the water to form bicarbonate
        
        The carbonate ions in the water is what animals use to create their calcium carbonate shells.
      - Dissolving carbon dioxide into ocean creates carbonic acid making the alkaline ocean more acidic.
        Since 1790, ocean's pH has decreased by 0.1.
  - - - In 200 years, the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere has increased by 30%.
      - Concentrations of greenhouse gases are now higher than at any point in the past 800,000 years
      - Greenhouse Effect' is used to describe the increase in the Earth's average temperature that has been recorded over the past 100 years.
      - Enhanced Greenhouse effect
        
        Humans have enhanced the greenhouse effect by releasing greenhouse gases by burning fossil fuels
      - Greenhouse gases
        
        Carbon Dioxide
        
        Accounts for the largest proportion of the 'trace gases' and is currently responsible for 60% of the 'enhanced greenhouse effect'.
        
        Methane
        
        Occurs in lower concentrations than carbon dioxide, it produces 21 times as much warming as CO2. Methane accounts for 20% of the 'enhanced greenhouse effect'.
        
        Nitrous Oxide
        
        Makes up an extremely small amount of the atmosphere however is 200 to 300 times more effective in trapping heat than carbon dioxide. Burning fossil fuels and wood is one source of nitrous oxide
        
        Water Vapour
        
        This biggest contributor to the 'natural greenhouse effect' and varies the most in the atmosphere. Cold air can hold little water and so the atmosphere over the polar regions contains very little water vapour. In contrast, air over the tropics is very humid and the atmosphere can contain up to 4% water vapour.
        
        The four main greenhouses gases are listed below and once these gases absorb energy, the gas particles begin to vibrate and they radiate energy in all directions, including approximately 30% of it back towards Earth.
        
        As a result, the Earth's average surface temperature is kept at about 15C by the blanket of atmosphere that surrounds it. Without this, the temperature would be about -18C which is too cold for life.
  - - - More crops from less land increases CO2 take up