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The Human Body: Reading The Map image (Radiology: The Science of Viewing…

- - - - Likewise, scientists have created standardized body directional terms, splitting the body into distinct regions, sections, and cavities to more clearly and rapidly locate and discuss anatomical features
        
        Anatomical landmarks serve as needed points of reference
        
        These allow medical personnel to explain exactly where one body structure is in relation to another
        
        Does the statement “I have pain in my stomach” tell you a lot about exact location?
        
        Location of pain can be determining factor in diagnosis
        
        Example: Pain in the general stomach area can indicate a variety of problems, such as ulcer, heart attack, appendicitis, indigestion , or even liver problems
        
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- - - - Supine position: laying face upward, on your back
      - Prone position: laying face downward, on your stomach
      - Fowler’s position: sitting in bed with head of bed elevated 45-60 degrees
        
        This position often used in hospitals
        
        Facilitates breathing and comfort of bedridden patient
    - - Patients with secretions at the base of the lungs may benefit from Trendelenburg position
        
        Which helps drain secretions
        
        Help with low blood pressure
        
        Patients with cerebral injury or bleeding should avoid Trendelenburg position (because it increases blood flow to brain, increasing intracranial pressure)
        
        Patients to be placed in Trendelenburg position are at increased risk for aspirating vomitus, and should not eat within 2-4 hours of being placed in position
      - Patients with orthopnea have difficult time breathing if they lie flat; propping them up with pillows assists diaphragm in working against gravity
      - Changing from upright to supine position can help determine cause of distended neck veins (jugular venous distention)
        
        If patient has distend neck veins due to heart failure, lying down will decrease distention (heart has to work less hard against gravity, causing less “back up” of venous blood)
      - Orthostatic Hypotension
        
        Dizziness when changing from seated to standing position can indicate orthostatic hypotension
        
        Symptoms develop because heart cannot compensate for extra work against gravity standing requires; result is deficient blood flow to brain
- - - - Divides body into superior (top) and inferior (bottom) sections, also referred to as cross-sectioning the body
        
        Used to describe areas divided by transverse plane
        
        Inferior (caudal) means away from head or toward lower part of body
        
        Any body part can be either superior or inferior, depending upon point of reference
        
        Example: knee is superior to ankle and inferior to pelvis
        
        Superior (cranial or cephalic) means toward head or upper body
    - - Divides body into right and left halves
        
        Medial refers to body parts located near middle or midline of body
        
        Lateral refers to body parts located away from midline
    - - Divides body into front and back sections
        
        Anterior or ventral refers to body parts towards or on front of body
        
        Posterior or dorsal refers to body parts towards or on back of body
  - - - Using your fingers as reference point, your wrist would be proximal and your shoulder would be distal
    - - Skin is located externally and is body’s largest organ
    - - Most organs located internally
    - - Examples include:
        
        Axillary region
        
        Brachial region
        
        Femoral region
        
        Pubic region
        
        Patellar region
- - - - Protection is offered by membranes and bones
        
        Dorsal (posterior) cavity located on back of body
        
        Most text will not identify this as an internal body cavity
        
        Located in back of body and consists of two cavities
        
        Cranial cavity (space inside the skull) houses brain
        
        Skull protects the brain
        
        Spinal cavity (extends from the cranial cavity to the end of the vertebral column) contains spinal column
        
        Vertebra protects the spinal cord
        
        Larger ventral (anterior) cavity located on front of body is larger than the dorsal cavity. It is divided into two smaller cavities and it contains all the structures within the chest and abdomen.
        
        Meaning visceral organs in those regions
        
        Thoracic cavity
        
        Somewhat protected by the rib cage contains
        
        Heart
        
        Lungs
        
        Large blood vessels
        
        The mediastinum separates the lungs into left and right cavities within the thoracic cavity
        
        The mediastinum itself houses the heart, trachea and other visceral organs
        
        The pericardial cavity houses the heart
        
        Abdominopelvic cavity: further divided into abdominal and pelvic cavities
        
        These two smaller cavities are divided by diaphragm
        
        The abdominal cavity contains digestive organs
        
        Stomach
        
        Intestines
        
        Liver
        
        Gallbladder
        
        Pancreas
        
        Spleen
        
        Lower portion of abdominopelvic cavity contains
        
        Urinary organs
        
        Reproductive organs
        
        Large part of large intestine
        
        **There is no physical structure (like the diaphragm) dividing these two cavities
        
        Homeostatic imbalance
        
        When the body is subjected to trauma the most vulnerable abdominopelvic organs are those in the abdominal cavity.
        
        Abdominal cavity walls are formed only of trunk muscles and are not reinforced by bone
        
        The pelvic organs have some protection from the bony pelvis
        
        There are many smaller cavities that designate specific areas
        
        Nasal cavity: Located within and posterior to the nose and is part of the respiratory system
        
        Buccal cavity: space within mouth that houses the teeth and the tongue. This cavity is part of and continuous with the cavity of the digestive organs which ends at the exterior portion of the anus.
        
        Orbital cavity: houses eyes. Orbits in the skull and presents the eyes in anterior position
        
        Middle ear cavities * carved into the skull lie just medial to the eardrums. Cavities contain tiny bones that transmit sound vibrations to the hearing receptors of the inner
- - - - Exposure to X-rays causes photographic film to darken
        
        Radiolucent areas allow X-rays to pass through to film easily; produce dark areas on film (lungs)
        
        Radiopaque areas of body allow fewer X-rays to pass through to film; produce light areas on the film (bone)
        
        Each component of body has characteristic density (and characteristic appearance on X-ray)
        
        Air: least dense; shows up black on X-ray
        
        Tissue/Fat: density depends on thickness of tissue; thicker the tissue, the more radiation that is absorbed-- lighter the appearance on X-ray
        
        Water (blood and edema) as a result of tissue injury or inflammatory processes. : mid-range density; appearance on X-ray is lighter than air, but not as white as bone/metal
        
        Bone/Metal: highest density (absorbs the greatest amount of radiation); appears white on X-ray
    - - Posteroanterior (PA)
        
        X-ray beam passes from patient’s back to patient’s front and then onto film
        
        Standard view for chest X-ray
      - Anteroposterior (AP)
        
        X-ray beam passes from patient’s front to patient’s back and then onto film
        
        Often used in portable chest X-rays
      - Lateral
        
        X-ray beam passes from one side of patient to other, and then onto film
        
        Often used as compliment to PA views, to get better 3-D perspective
    - - One dimensional view of a specific area
        
        A patient has to be positioned differently in relationship to the to the X-ray machine and film depending on what the is looking for
  - - - Generates high-resolution images with more information about 3-D orientation of structures
      - Exposes body to much higher levels of radiation than traditional X-ray
        
        A single CT scan is = to hundreds of chest x-rays in terms of radiation exposure
  - - - Uses include:
        
        Observing fetal development and movement
        
        Observing actions of heart valves
  - - - When your body enters the magnetic field, the nuclei of all the hydrogen atoms in your body line up, just like a compass!