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Component Technologies for Municipal Solid Waste Management (Biological…

- - - - This system is com- paratively affordable and widely adopted in developed and developing countries.
  - - - Transportation involves two necessary steps: the waste is transferred from small collection vehicles to a large vehicle; the waste is then transported to a landfill site far away from the urban settlement for final disposal (Troschinetz et al., 2009; Khan, 1994; Khaitab, 2011)
- - - - This process has been practiced for decades as a modern waste management alternative both in developed and developing countries.
        
        Composting is a processed form of MSW management, where significant screening, sorting, and in some cases size reduction are performed to improve the handling character- istics and composition of the materials to be used for composting (Tongnetti et al. 2007). Recently,
  - - - In-vessel composting refers to a group of methods that confine the composting materials within a building, container, or vessel. In-vessel systems attempt to create optimum conditions for the microorganisms, thereby giving improved control of the com- posting process and accelerating decomposition
        
        Various types of in-vessel systems have been developed over the
        years, such as the Dano drum, the naturizer system, the metro and channel types, and the Fairfield reactor.
    - - Vermicomposting is a process that uses red earth- worms to consume organic waste, producing castings (an odor-free compost product that can be used as mulch), soil conditioners, and topsoil additive.
    - - Windrows are a simple composting technology requiring minimal engineering design or labor and are a widely used method for the composting of yard trimmings and MSW.
        
        They require mini- mum investment regarding equipment and finance.
        
        Windrow com- posting is an inappropriate technology for MSW because of odor emission and the attraction of vectors (e.g., rodents, flies, etc.). Hence, it is progressively being abandoned but increasingly being used for garden waste only
        
        Windrow height depends on the feedstock, the season in which composting is conducted, the region, the compaction capacity of the compost material, and the turning equipment.
  - - - Incineration technology is designed to reduce the overall volume of solid waste to 10%, which is left at the bottom of the combustion chamber in the form of ash, which is inert in nature and usually landfilled.
        
        Despite the fact that combustion technology produces high amounts of
        energy and reduces the waste volume to a large extent, the technology is not being utilized in a number of nations around the world because of the high risk of environmental pollution due to the emission of toxic gases (Jayaram 2011)
        
        In addition to this, there are other concerns associated with incineration systems, such as leachate, scrubber effluents, and the disposal of ash that contains heavy metals.
        
        The reason for the failure of most WTE plants in develop- ing countries is the low calorific value of MSW, as incineration systems are designed for high-calorific-value waste, which includes a large proportion of paper, plastics, and so on. Also, the poor quality of solid waste causes the emission of fine particulate matter, oxides of nitrogen and sulfur, heavy met- als, carbon monoxide, and so on.
        
        The primary aim of any incineration process is to reduce large volumes
        of waste, recover the maximum energy from solid waste, stabilize waste, and remove toxicity from waste. A large number of projects have failed in past decades in developing nations because of the poor quality of waste. Therefore, it is necessary to understand the various planning issues related to incineration project development (Figure
    - - mass-burn combustion
        
        The primary benefit of mass-burn combustion is that it generates a higher quality of steam, which is then utilized to generate electricity
      - fluidized-bed incineration.
        
        In comparison with other incineration technologies, fluidized-bed incinerators can burn solid waste with different moisture and heat contents. This system is more efficient than other technologies as it is more energy efficient, more consistent in operation, generates fewer residues, and has lower air emissions. Due to its high compat- ibility with recycling systems, this technology can be implemented at small scales in cities with high-recycling facilities in developing nations (Jayaram 2011).
        5.4.3.2
      - modular incineration
        
        The primary benefit of this system is due to the prefabrication units, which make the construction of the facility simple and save time. This system is used for small-scale industries and communi- ties. However, this type of system is becoming unpopular because of inconsistencies
  - - - In developing nations, MSW is found in heterogeneous forms with low heat value and high moisture content, due to which mass-burn facilities cause air pollution, whereas RDF-based incinerators solve this problem to some extent.
    - - Shred and burn system
      - Simplified process system
  - - - The most suitable waste for pyrolysis contains plastics, paper, and biomasses composed of the major polymeric chains of cellulose, hemicellu- lose, and lignin.