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Risk (What is Risk (What is “acceptable risk”? (Societal Hazards (Far more…

- - - - OHSA 93 of 2004
      - MHSA 29 of 1996:
  - - - means the likelihood that occupational injury or harm to
        persons will occur
        
        MHSA 29 of 1996
      - the effect of uncertainty on objectives
        
        ISO 31000 Risk Management
        
        (Here it is defined as either positive or negative)
      - means the probability that injury or damage will occur
        
        OHSA 93 of 2004
  - - - Can be argued that the hazards of industrialization outweigh
        the hazards of non-industrialization
  - - - Regulated by OHSA, MHSA and subsequent regulations
    - - E.g. Regulated by Clean Air Act and regulations, Dust Control Regulations
        
        Air Quality Act states that:
        
        The object of this Act is-
        
        to protect the environment by providing reasonable measures for-
        
        the protection and enhancement of the quality of air in the
        Republic;
        
        National Dust Control Regulations
    - - Far more difficult to either quantify or regulate
      - E.g. Monopolies kept in check by Competition Commission
  - - - Environmental risk assessment deal with the incremental probability
        of some harm occurring.
      - i.e. Controlling exposure levels of a substance that it will pose an incremental lifetime cancer risk to the exposed public of between
        10-6 to 10-4
- - - - either quantitatively or qualitatively
      - (Textbook definition of Risk Assessment is only relevant to healthcare
        scenarios)
    - - Risk Level = Consequence x Probability
  - - - Industry experience
      - Databanks
      - Modelling tools
  - - - Cost of incident
      - Cost of loss income
      - Number of people who would die
      - Economic Impact
    - - How many years it takes to happen ( 1 in 20 year event)
      - Uncertainty of prediction
      - % Chance of happening in a year
    - - New hazards that have no industry record
      - Theory and Data:
        
        Sometimes data is unavailable or insufficient to support a conclusion, or competing theories make predictions. Goal of science is to find areas of
        uncertainty.
      - “Industry experience” is by no means scientific or comprehensive
      - Semantics
        
        Disagreements may stem from communication difficulties. For example, the
        meaning of high, medium, and low probabilities may be different for
        different disciplines
      - Social Contexts
        
        Organizational, economic, and political contexts may shape a researcher’s
        agenda.
      - Perception distorts these values further
      - Common approach – Err on the safe side
  - - - E.g. Particle Filters
      - E.g. Water Purification before returning water to river streams
    - - E.g. Guards on rotating equipment
    - - E.g. A mine has a environmental rehabilitation fund