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Genetics Ex 1 (Transcription (RNA (Types (tRNA image (transports amino…

- - - - exome = all genome's exons. 1.5% of DNA
  - - - retroviruses
        
        RNA->DNA transcritption
      - flu, polio, hepatitis
        
        RNA--> Protein
      - prions
        
        self-replicating proteins
  - - - tRNA
        
        transports amino acids to ribosome for protein synthesis
      - mRNA
        
        encodes amino acid sequence
      - rRNA
        
        associates w/ proteins to form ribosomes
      - snRNA
        
        splices pre-mrna
      - miRNA and siRNA
        
        regulate expression and degradation of mrna
      - snoRNA
        
        covalently modifies rRNA
    - - Loops
        
        non-comp base pairs
      - Anticodon
        
        trna loop complementary to mRNA codon
      - Stems
        
        complementary base pairs
      - Amino Acid acceptor
        
        area opposite anticodon that bonds to specific amino acid
    - - spliceosome
        
        cuts out introns and glues exons together
        
        makes pre-mrna
      - 3' cap
        
        200 A's
      - alternative splicing
        
        creates is forms
        
        exons
        
        constitutive
        
        always found in mature mrna
        
        alternative
        
        added to vary protien
      - proofreading
      - 5' cap
        
        backward G #
  - - - activator
        
        transcription factor that binds to enhancer region
      - enhancer region
        
        needed to start rna polymerase transcription
      - repressor
        
        transcription factor that binds to silencer region
      - silencer region
        
        region adjacent to enhancer region that prevents gene transcription to mrna
    - - sequence : AATAAA
    - - TATA binding protein #
        
        transcription factor that binds to tata box
      - preinitiation complex
        
        tata binding protein
        
        transcriptoin factors
        
        rna polymerase
      - Promoter region
        
        5' end
        
        signals start of gene
  - - - same
- - - - P
      - A
      - E
  - - - large ribosomal unit attaches
    - - leader sequence has 5' w/ reverse G
      - complex
        
        small ribosomal unit
        
        mrna
        
        trna+ amino acid (methionine)
- - - - Gave virulent and heat-killed R + S strep strains to mice.
      - Conclusion: Something transforms R to S
    - - Griffin exp. with DNAse and protease
      - Conclusion: DNA allowed R to S transformation
    - - Discovered Nucleotides
        
        thymine
        
        cytosine
        
        guanine
        
        adenine
    - - Radiolabelled P and N used w/bacteriophage
      - Viral genetic material was NOT protein
  - - - nucleic acids
        
        nucleotides
        
        pentose
        
        3' ender OH
        
        phosphate
        
        5' Ender
        
        phosphodiester linkage
        
        Fosphate Five
        
        nitrogenous base #
        
        purines
        
        A
        
        G
        
        pyrmidines
        
        C
        
        T
    - - right handed
        
        A
        
        B
      - left handed
        
        Z
    - - DNA
        
        2x stranded
        
        more stable
        
        UV susceptable
        
        acidic
        
        phosphodiester linkage
        
        sugar phosphate backbone
      - RNA
- - - - begins at origin of replication
        
        Enzymes
        
        DNA Helicase
        
        binds to replication fork, unzips strands
        
        Topoisomerase
        
        binds ahead of replication fork
        
        Single Stranded Binding Protein
        
        RNA primer #
        
        act as starting site for new synthesis
        
        Primase #
        
        binds rna primers to strand
    - - DNA polymerase
        
        attracted by rna primers to strand
        
        function
        
        adds nucleotides
        
        proofreads
        
        Types
        
        gamma
        
        replication of mitochondrial dna
        
        Delta
        
        replication of lagging strand
        
        Epsilon
        
        replication of the lɛading strand
        
        Alpha
        
        initiates dna replication w/primase
        
        kappa
        
        repairs benzopyrene dmg
        
        eta
        
        repairs thymine dimer dmg
        
        problems
        
        only synthesizes 5' to 3'
        
        cannot link together first 2 nucleotides
      - strands
        
        leading #
        
        replicated continuously
        
        lagging #
        
        replicated discontinuously
        
        okazaki fragments
    - - Enzymes #
        
        DNA ligase #
        
        connects okazaki fragments
        
        Flap endonuclease
        
        removes rna primers, replaces w/dna
        
        telomerase
        
        makes additional repeats
      - telomere sequence: TTAGGG
  - - - mutated werner protein
    - - dna dmg repair mutation # #
    - - mutated helicase #