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DISORDER OF LOWER URINARY TRACT (CYSTITIS (health education (Take…
DISORDER OF LOWER URINARY TRACT
CYSTITIS
Definition
Is the inflammation and infection of the urinary bladder
pathophysiology
the invading organisms gain entry through the urethra ,the infection could be as a result of instrumentation with a catheter or a vesicovaginal fistula in women that occurs during childbirth
Assessment and diagnostic findings
Lower abdominal pain
pain in the lower back
cloudy urine
Urine test positive for blood and protein
Risk factors
Pregnant
sexually active women
certain birth control
incomplete emptying of the bladder
bladder calculi
presence of fistulae
Surgical management
Radiologic studies
cystoscopy
biopsy
Nursing management
Drink plenty of fluids
keep an intake and output record
administer antibiotics as prescribed
administer alkaline agents to make urine alkaline
Symptoms
strong persistent urge to urinate
Burning sensation when urinating
passing frequent , small amount of urine
blood in urine
pelvic discomfort
feeling of pressure in lower abdomen
low grade fever
causes
bacterial cystitis
noninfectious cystitis
drug induced cystitis
radiation
chemical cystitis
health education
Take medication as prescribed
drink plenty of fluids especially water
practice safe sexual intercourse
urinate frequently
wipe from front to back after a bowel movement
take showers rather than tub baths
gently wash the skin around the anus and vagina
empty your bladder as soon as possible after sexual intercause
avoid using deodorant sprays or feminine products in the genital area
Neurogenic bladder
Definition
Is the bladder dysfunction that results from dysruption of nerve impulse transmission from the bladder to the brain
causes
injuries
tumours
diseases
cerebrovascular accident
multiple sclerosis
Pathophysiology
Is due to an interruption of the nerve supply to the bladder as a result of spinal defects such as brain damage diseases such as multisclerosis or spinal injuries.
Clinical manifestations
histoty of spinal trauma
diabetes mellitus
multiple sclerosis
alzeimers diseases
loss of sensation of need to void
dripping of urine
loss of bladder contaction
passes small volume of urine
bladder fills and empties without control
Diagnostic tests
urinalysis
uroflowmetry
cystometry
Bun
IVP
Management
diet low in calcium
exercize
Surgical management
continent vesicotomy
neuroprosthesis
artificial urinary sphincter implant
Nursing management
obtain and documenting the history and signs and symptoms of UTI
Making an assesment of the patients usual patterns of urination in order
anti bacterial agents prescribed
encourage the patient to maintain good personal hygiene
suggest showering
Urethritis
definition
is the infection and inflammation of the urethra
causes
E.coli
Nisseria gonorrhoeae
chlamidia
surgical management
Cystoctomy
cystostomy
cystolithotomy
retropubic suspension
urinary diversion
cystectomy
Cancer of the bladder
definition
Is the type of cancer that begins in the bladder ,
symptoms
blood in urine
frequent urination
painful urination
back pain
pelvic pain
causes
linked to smoking
radiation
chemical exposure
parasitic infection
risk factors
smoking
increasing age
being white
being a man
exposure to certain chemicals
previous cancer treatment
certain diabetic medication
chronic bladder inflammation
personal family history of cancer
Health education
Do not smoke
take caution with chemicals
drink water throughout the day
choose a variety of fruits and vegetables
pathophysiology
Tumours of the bladder usually arise from the base of the bladder and involve the bladder neck and the ureteral orifices, cancer of the colon , prostate and the female reproductive system usually metastasise to the bladder and cause cancers there .
assessment and common findings
Haematuria
posible back and pelvic pain
weakness
weight loss
anaemia
Management
cystoscopy and transurethral resection of the bladder tumour
chemotherapy
cystectomy
partial or radical cystectomy
Urinary diversion
Urinary diversion procedures are indicated when urine flow has to by pass bladder is removed or has to be diverted from the bladder to the exterior when the lesion is in the urethra
following a radical cystectomy in cases of bladder cancers
irreparable damage caused by trauma
neurogenic bladder
cancer of the prostate ,urethra,vaginal,uterus and cervix
chronic infection causing strictures in the urinary tract
pyelostomy
ureterostomy