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the anatomy and physiology of the elder (cardiovascular system…
the anatomy and physiology of the elder
cardiovascular system
pathophysiology
decreased cardiac output , diminished ability to respond to stress ,heart rate and stroke volume do not increase with demand , increased blood pressure .
nursing magement
give anti-hypertensive medication as prescribed, monitor blood pressure and cardiac function .
Signs and symptoms
complains of fatigue with increased activity .increased heart rate .
Health education
exercise regular ,pace activities ,avoid smoking ,eat a low-fat diet , participate in stress-reduction activities , medication compliance , weight control .
integumentary system
pathophysiology
decreased protection against trauma and sun exposure , deceased against temperature extremes , diminished of natural oil secretions and perspiration .
signs and symptoms
skin appears thin and wrinkled ,complains of injuries , complains of intolerance to heat , bone structure is prominent , dry skin ,
nursing management
inspect pressure areas regularly ,maintain hygiene of the skin
reproductive system
pathophysiology
FEMALE ;vaginal narrowing and decreased elasticity , decreased vaginal secretions ,slower sexual response .
signs and symptoms
painful intercourse ,vaginal bleeding ,vaginal itching and irritation , delayed orgasm .
health education
urology follow-up ,use a lubricant with intercourse
musculoskeletal system
pathophysiology
loss of bone density ,loss of muscle strength and size ,degenarted bone cartilage
signs and symptoms
hair loss , prone to fractures, back pain , joint pain
health education
eat high calcium diet ,exercise regular
respiratory system
pathophysiology
increased residual volume ,decrease in vital capacity , decrease gas exchange and diffusing capacity , decreased cough capacity.
signs and symptoms
fatigue and breathlessness with sustained activity , impaired healing of tissues as a result of decreased oxygenation , difficulty coughing up secretions .
health promotion
exercise regularly , avoid smoking , take adequate fluids to liquefy secretions , avoid exposure to upper respiratory tract infections .
nursing management
encourage deep breathing and coughing to maintain lung capacity , encourage patient to pace activities to minimise fatigue.