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Tumours of the musculo-skeletal system (Ewing's sarcoma (Risk factors,…
Tumours of the musculo-skeletal system
Multiple myeloma
defination
is a cancer that forms in a type of white blood cell called a plasma cell.
pathophysiology
plasma cells help to fight infection by waking antibodies that recognize and attack germs multiple myeloma causes cancer cell to accumulate in the bone marrow, where they crowd out healthy blood cells. rather than produce helpful antibodies, the cancer cells produce abnormal pritiens tha cause complication.
symptoms
constipation, loss of appetite, bone pain, weight loss, weakness and numbness in leg
Causes
It not clear what causes myeloma but the doctors know that myeloma begins with one abnormal plasma cell in the bone marrow.
Risk factors
Increasing age, black race, family history of multiple myeloma,
Nursing management
Nurse a patient on a comfortable position. give analgesia as prescribed.
Medical management
Give steroids, analgesia, chemotherapy and anti-myeloma medicines to destroy the myeloma cells or control the cancer when it comes back.
Ewing's sarcoma
Risk factors
No clear risk factors for ewing's sarcoma are known.
Causes
causes are unknown.
Defination
is the type of cancer that occur most often in and around the bones.
Symptoms
Pain, swelling or tenderness near the affected area.
Surgical management
Amputation and wide local excision.
Nursing management
give analgesia as prescribed,
Medical management
Chemotherapy and radiation therapy.
Pathophysiology
Sarcomas have traditionally been classified according to their chromosomal alterations regardless of whether they accompany simple or complex genetic changes. Ewing's sarcoma, a classic small round cell bone tumor also well known as mesenchymal malignancy that result from simple sarcoma specific genetic alteration.
Osteogenic sarcoma
Defination
Is the type of the bone cancer that begins in the cells that forms the bone.
Causes
It usually caused by inherited mutation that turns off the TP53 tumor suppressors gene.
Surgical management
Limb-sparing surgery is done to remove the entire tumor.
Symptoms
Swelling over the tumor, warmth and redness, decreased joint movement, fracture caused by weakening of the bone tissue.
Medical management
Anti-cancer drugs are given to shrink the main tumor
Nursing management
Monitor for any signs of bleeding and febrile episodes. Encourage patient to avoid straining at defecation.
References:
(Mogotlane, 2013) (Smeltzer, 2010)