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metabolic disorders (Osteoporosis (risk factors (genetics, ciggrette…
metabolic disorders
Osteoporosis
risk factors
genetics, ciggrette smoking, intake of caffein and alcohol low intake of calcium and vitamin D
causes
the exact cause is unknown but there are several contributing factors which are long term calcium deficiency especially in postmenopausal women where oestrogen level is decreased
symptoms
back pain, loss of height over long time, kyphosis,
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defination
is a metabolic bone disorder characterised by general reduction in the skeletal bone mass and susceptibility of fracture.
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health education
teach the patient about the neccessity for a diet rich in calcium and other trace elements such as phosphorus and magnessium.
pathophysiology
the hallmark of osteoporosis is a reduction in the skeletal mass caused by an imbalance between bone resorption and bone bone formation
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0steomalacia
Defination
is a rare condition characterised by lack of normal calcium and phosphorus deposition in the bone matrix, resulting in decalcification and softnening of the bone.
risk factors
dietary calcium and vitamin D deficiency, limited sunlight exposure, chronic kidney diseases.
Symptoms
weakness, muscle spasm, cramping and numbness, tingling in the limbs
pathophysiology
osteomalacia is a condition causing mineralization defect and bone, skeletal fragility,although production of bone matrix proteins and their architecture is not impaired. the disease is called rickets
and osteomalacia in children during skeletal development and in adults, respectively
assessment and finding
difficult in walking and tenderness, muscle weakness, joints pain.
Causes
Exact cause is unknown, but there are several contributing factors including long term calcium deficiency especially in postmenopausal women where oestrogen level is decreased
nursing management
give vitamin D supplements as per order, check the patients skin daily for redness, warmth and new painsites.
health education
teach the client and her family clearly the prescribed drugs regimen. provide emotional support to the client and her family.
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Gout
defination
is a condition characterised by sudden severe attacks of pain, redness and tenderness in joints often the joint at the base of the big toe.
symptoms
intense joint pain, lingering discomfort, inflammation and redness and limited range of motion.
causes
urate crystals, high level of uric acid in the blood.
risk factors
diet high in meat and seafood, age, recent surgery, kidney disease and heart disease.
health education
encourage high fluid intake, limit or avoid alcohol get protein from low fat dairy product, maintain a desirable body weight, limit intake of meat, fish and poultry.
medical management
give nonsteroidal and anti inflammatory drugs such as ibuprofen, naproxen sodium
nursing management
carbohydrate should be restricted and fructose, encourage exercise
paget's disease
assessment and findings
patient may remain asymptomatic, but if the skull is affected the patient will complain of headache, deafness, blindnessor neuralgia.
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defination
is a condition where there is excessive bone destruction characterised by accelerated bone resorption.
symptoms
bone pain, hip pain, headache, hearing loss, numbness in the arms or leg.
risk factors
family history of paget's disease, age and national origin.
health education
prevention of falls, eat well diet should include adequate calcium and vitamin D.exercise regularly for maintaining bone strength.
medical management
give zoledronic acid and pamidronate, ibandronate as prescribed.
References: (Mogotlane, 2013) (Smeltzer,2013)