undescended testis, ectopic testis ,and rectractile testis
risk factor
low birth weight
family history
premature birth
down syndrome,abdominal wall defect
smoking during pregnancy
exposure to pesticides during pregnancy
drugs
causes
nerve activity influencing development of testicles
genetics ,martenal and environmental factors that can disrupt hormones
defination
medical management and surgical management
laparoscopy
open sugery
nursing management and health education
administer analgesics
instruct the patient to avoid straining
elevate scrotum
instruct the patient to take analgesics and use ice packs to relieve discomfort
place the patient on bed rest
inform about 4 weeks periods of recovery
undescended testicle:also known as cryptorchidism,a testicle that hasn't moved into its proper position in the bag of skin hanging below the penis(scrotum) before birth
Retractile testis:testis descend to the scrotum but pull back into the inguinal canal due to a hyperactive cremasteric reflex
Ectopic testis:testis deviate from the normal descent route or fail to go all the way to the scrotum resulting the testis to be allocated outside the scrotum
orchiopexy or orchidopexy
assessment findings and symptoms
absence of testicles in the scrotum
diagnostic tests
physical examination
ultrasound examination
test of hormonal level