undescended testis, ectopic testis ,and rectractile testis

risk factor

low birth weight

family history

premature birth

down syndrome,abdominal wall defect

smoking during pregnancy

exposure to pesticides during pregnancy

drugs

causes

nerve activity influencing development of testicles

genetics ,martenal and environmental factors that can disrupt hormones

defination

medical management and surgical management

laparoscopy

open sugery

nursing management and health education

administer analgesics

instruct the patient to avoid straining

elevate scrotum

instruct the patient to take analgesics and use ice packs to relieve discomfort

place the patient on bed rest

inform about 4 weeks periods of recovery

undescended testicle:also known as cryptorchidism,a testicle that hasn't moved into its proper position in the bag of skin hanging below the penis(scrotum) before birth

Retractile testis:testis descend to the scrotum but pull back into the inguinal canal due to a hyperactive cremasteric reflex

Ectopic testis:testis deviate from the normal descent route or fail to go all the way to the scrotum resulting the testis to be allocated outside the scrotum

orchiopexy or orchidopexy

assessment findings and symptoms

absence of testicles in the scrotum

diagnostic tests

physical examination

ultrasound examination

test of hormonal level