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Chronic adaptations to training (Anaerobic training (Muscular adaptations,…
Chronic adaptations to training
Aerobic training
Cardiovascular adaptations
Increase in size of left ventricular cavity
increased
stroke volume
increased left ventricle volume and mass
Increased elasticity in the arteries
Heart is more efficient
lower resting
heart rate
Lower resting heart rate during sub-max exercise
Lower and faster steady state during exercise
Faster to return to resting heart rate after exercise
Increased cardiac hypertrophy
increased
cardiac output
During submax-exercise and rest,
cardiac output remains the same
Decrease in blood pressure (for hypertensive athletes)
Blood vessels
Cross sectional area of the conarary arteries = improved supply of oxygen and other nutrients
Increased capillarisation of the skeletal muscles
Increased VO2 max
Blood
Increase in red blood cells
increase in the amount of haemoglobin in the blood
Decreased
Blood
lactate concentration
Decreased rate of lactate production
increase in rate of lactate removal
increase in gluconeogenesis (breakdown of carbs)
Increased
Arteriovenous
oxygen difference
Greater amounts of oxygen are extracted from the blood
Respiratory adaptations
Improved lung function
Decreased ventilation rates
At submax levels, oxygen consumption by respiratory
muscles (intercostals and diaphragm) decreases
Tidal volume increaseses
Oxygen consumption
Remains the same during rest and sub-max exercsie
increases during maximal exercise
Muscular adaptations
Increase in size, number and surface area of mitochondria
Muscle structure
Slow-twitch muscle fibres increase in size (hypertrophy)
Fast-twitch fibres turn into slow-twitch fibres
increase in the
production of ATP
Myoglobin content in slow-twitch fibres increases
Increase in the oxidation of fats during exercise
Glycogen sparing occurs during sub-max exercise
Increase in the ability of the skeletal muscles to oxidise glycogen
Anaerobic training
aims to improve the ATP-PC and
anaerobic glycolysis system
Cardiovascular adaptations
Thickness of the left ventricular increases
Increased stroke volume
Hypertensive athletes have a lower systolic and diastolic blood pressure at rest and during sub-max exercise
NO RESPIRATORY ADAPTATIONS
Muscular adaptations
Increase in fast twitch muscles fibre size
Increased muscles size due to hypertrophy of fast twitch muscle fibres
Increased quantity and activity levels of glycolitic and ATPase enzymes
increased resynthesis of ATP anaerobically
increased glycolytic capacity
increased tolerance for H+ ions and lactate
Resistance training
Muscular adaptations
Increase in muscular strength
Skeletal muscles are very adaptive both structurally and functionally
Neural adaptations
Enhanced motor unit recruitment
increase in the ability to recruit high-threshold motor units (fast twitch fibres)
Increased motor neurone firing rate
Increased synchronisation of motor unit firing which results on smoother acceleration of body parts
Hypertrophy
Increased number of and size of the myofibrils (Part of the muscle make-up)
Increased contractile proteins in the muscles
Increase in the size and strength of connective tissue