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Epispadias and Hypospadias (Symptoms (Opening of the urethra at a location…
Epispadias and Hypospadias
Epispadias
Defination
Is a rare conjenital condition in which the urethral meatus opens dorsally on the penis
Surgical management
Urethra is repositioned
Done between 6 and 12 of age
Symptoms
Opening of the urethra at a location other than the tip of the penis
Downward curve of the penis
Hooded appearance of the penis because only the top half of the penis is covered by foreskin
Abnormal spraying during urination
Hypospadias
Defination
Is a congenital condition in which the urethra meatus opens on the ventral side of the penis
Causes
Unknown
Risk factors
Family history
Genetics
Maternal age over 35
Exposure to certain substances during pregnancy.
Pathophysiology
The true cause of bladder exstrophy has not been elucidated.
Cloacal exstrophy is a much more severe abnormality, with significant involvement of the GI tract and the CNS
Medical management
Nursing management
providing relief of pain and discomfort and decreasing parental anxiety
ensuring a positive body image
prevention of infections
Health education
avoid certain substances during pregnancy
Assessment
assess the curve of the penice
assess the opening of the urethra and it location