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Anatomy and physiology of the musculo-skelatal system (MAIN TYPE OF…
Anatomy and physiology of the musculo-skelatal system
LONG BONES
long bones they have a shaft, diaphysis is the primarily cortical and has two ends.
the epiphyses are primarily cancellous
the epiphyseal plate seperates the epiphysis from the shaft and serve as a center for growth in children and in adults has calcified
for examples: femur and humerus are like rods
SHORT BONES
metocarpals are very much like long bones
FLAT BONE
made up of cancellous tissue that lies between the campact cortcical bone tissue
protect vital organs and sites for haemotopoeisis
for example: scapula
IRREGULAR BONES
these are cancellous and their shapes are very adapted to function for muscle attachment
for examples: vertebral column
FORMATION OF BONES
osteogenesis takes place through a process as ossification
the bone matrix is formed and hardening mineral for example calcium and phosphorus are deposited on the collagen fibres.
started off as a membrane or cartilage-like tissue depending on the type of bone to be formed
ordinary long bones are formed fro ossification of cartilaginous tissues, while special bones such as the facial bones and skull are from membrene
MAIN TYPE OF MUSCLES
SMOOTH MUSCLE
found in the walls of blood vessels and viscera
CARDIAC MUSCLE
found in the heart to produce rhythmic contractions of the heart
STRIATED OR SKELETAL MUSCLE
attachrd to the skeleton to produce movement, hence the musculo-skeletal system
SPINDLE SHAPED MUSCLES
these muscle bulge gently about halfway along there length. when the muscles contract they draw the attachment structures together.
FAN-SHAPED MUSCLES
the fibres spread out from one orgin to different attachment points
CIRCULAR MUSCLES
these bundles of muscles are found around orifices forming sphincters. contraction results in the closed of the orifices
FUNCTION OF BONES
provide a framework for the body structure
protect delicate vital organs for example the heart, lungs and brain
provide attachment for muscles
store calcium, the phosphate, magnesium and floride
JOINTS
DEFINETION
junction or a point where two or more bones meet, joint are very important in movement, there are movable joint and immovable joint and the degree of movement depends on the type of joint
TYPES OF MOVABLE
BALL AND SOCKET JOINT
allow for a full free range of movement
with assistance of muscles this joint can abduct, expand, addict and circumduct.
supported by strong ligaments which hold then into position
HINGE JOINTS
allow for bending in one direction for examples are knee and elbow joints
PIVOT JOINTS
allow for a rotation movement ,are found at the radius an ulna
SADDLE JOINTS
allow for special movement of the thumb
GLIDING JOINTS
allow for limited movement in all directions in the wrist and ankle
STRUCTURE OF A JOINT
joint are well supported, the articulating surfaces are covered by smooth hyaline articulatr cartilage to reduce friction between the articulating surfaces
surrounded by a tough fibrous sheath the joint capsule
capsule is lined by the synovial membrane that secretes synovium which lubricates articular surfaces of the joint.
reinforce stability of a joint there may be ligaments inside and over the joint
the bursa is a sac filled with synovium and its found cushioning the tendons and ligaments at the point of of friction for example elbows and knees
IMMOVABLE JOINTS
found between the bones of the skull referred to as sutures
DEFINETION
the musculo-skeletal system is a combination of two system, the skeletal system and muscular system including tendons and ligaments