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Respiration (Aerobic respiration (Process (If oxygen is present, the 2…

- - - - Each pyruvate molecule yields 18 ATP molecule
        
        Total of 2 + (18 x 2) = 38 molecules of ATP are produced from each molecule of glucose
- - - - Process
        
        Glycolysis of 1 molecule of glucose in the cytosol yields 2 molecules of pyruvate and 2 molecules of ATP
        
        In the absence of oxygen, pyruvate will not enter the mitochondrion
        
        Pyruvate is converted into lactic acid, with no release of carbon dioxide
      - Uses
        
        In fungi and bacteria, it is used in the production of cheese and yoghurt
        
        In human muscle cells, when there is insufficient oxygen during vigorous exercise, lactic acid fermentation occurs to produce ATP.
        
        During vigorous muscle contractions, the muscle first respires aerobically. Breathing rate increases to remove carbon dioxide and take in oxygen at a faster rate.
        
        There is a limit to the increase in the rate of breathing and heartbeat, therefore there is insufficient oxygen to meet the demand of vigorous muscle contractions.
        
        In such cases, muscle cells also respire anaerobically (in addition to aerobic respiration still taking place) to meet the energy demands.
        
        The extra energy released by anaerobic respiration supplements the energy released by aerobic respiration to allow the muscles to continue contracting.
        
        Since lactic acid fermentation does not produce any oxygen, there is insufficient oxygen to meet the demands of the vigorous muscular contractions. The muscles are said to incur an oxygen debt.
        
        During rest, the breathing rate continues to be fast for some time to provide sufficient oxygen to repay the oxygen debt.
        
        When anaerobic respiration occurs, there is a build-up of lactic acid in the muscle cells. Lactic acid concentrations build up slowly in the muscles and may eventually become high enough to cause fatigue and muscular pains.
        
        During the recovery period, lactic acid is removed from the muscles and transported to the liver where some lactic acid is oxidised to release energy.
        
        This energy is used to convert the remaining lactic acid into glucose which is transported back to the muscles and the body.
      - Equation
        
        C6H12O6 → 2C3H6O3 + Energy (small amount)
        Glucose → Lactic Acid + Energy (small amount)
    - - Process
        
        In the absence of oxygen, pyruvate will not enter the mitochondrion.
        
        Pyruvate is converted into ethanol and carbon dioxide, which are removed as metabolic waste
        
        Glycolysis of 1 molecule of glucose in the cytosol yields 2 molecules of pyruvate and 2 molecules of ATP
      - Uses
        
        Beer Brewing
        
        Bread making
        
        Carbon dioxide generated allows the dough to rise
      - Equation
        
        C6H12O6 → 2C2H5OH + 2CO2 + Energy (small amount)
        Glucose → Ethanol + Carbon dioxide + Energy (small amount)