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Chapter 11: Cardiovascular System: Blood (11.3 List the charateristics and…
Chapter 11: Cardiovascular System: Blood
11-1 Describe the components and major function of blood, and list the physical characteristics of blood
Functions
Transportation of dissolved gases, nutrients, hormones, and metabolic waste
Regulation of pH and ion composition of interstitial functions
Restriction of fluid loss at injury sites
Defense against toxins and pathogens
Stabilization of body temperature
Hematology-study of blood, blood forming tissues and the disorders that affect them
Blood Volume and Composition
Plasma (55%)
Formed Elements (45%)
Red Blood Cells (RBCor erythrocytes): transport oxygen and carbon dioxide
White Blood Cells (WBC or leukocytes): immune system
Platelets: blood clotting
Hematocrit: reading or packed cell volume
Hemopoiesis: process of producing the formed elements
Myloid stem cells and Lymphoid stem cells
Blood collection and analysis
Venpuncture
Arterial puncture
Temp. 38 C or 100.4 F
pH (7.35-7.45)
11.2 Describe the composition and functions of plasma
Clear, yellow liquid, composed of proteins, nutrients, gases, and electrolytes.
Water, 92%. Functions as solvent, in transportation, temperature regulation, and serves as site of metabolic reactions.
Plasma Protein: 7%. More than 90% produced in liver
Albumin: 60% maintains osmotic pressure of cells (0.9%) and transports fatty acids
Globulins: 30% antibodies; produced by plasma cells (B cells) lipoproteins
Fibrinogen: 4% blood clotting, fibrin
Serum: fluid left over after the clotting proteins are removed
Plasma Gases: Oxygen (needed for cellular respiration), Carbon Dioxide( produced by cell respiration), Nitrogen
Plasma Nutrients: Amino Acids, monosaccharides (glucose) lipoproteins
Nonprotein Nitrogenous Substances (Plasma waste)
Urea (amino acid metabolism
Uric acid (nucleotide metabolism
Creatinine
Creatine (CP to recycle ADP to ATP in muscle & brain
Bilirubin (hemoglobin metabolism)
Plasma Electrolytes: Sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, chloride, bicarbonate, phosphate, and sulfate. Maintains osmotic pressure, Resting Membrane Potential and pH
Regulatory Substances :enzymes and hormones
11.3 List the charateristics and functions of red blood cells, describe the structure and function of hemoglobin, indicate how red blood cell components are recycled and explain erythropoiesis
Abundance of red blood cells
microliter or millimeter. Males 5.4 million eyrthrocytes in 1 microliter. Females 4.8 million
Hematocrit: packed cell volume
males:46% ranges (40-54)
Females: 42% ranges (37-47)
Androgens in males stimulate RBC production
Structure of RBC
Compose 99% of all blood cells
Tiny, biconcave disks (increased surface area and bend and flex)
Mature cells lack nuclei, and other organelles. Cannot undergo cell divison or synthesis proteins or enzymes, anaerobic (lack mitochondria)
Hemoglobin structure and function
Hemoglobin= 4 proteins (globin) + 4 heme's (irons)
oxyhemoglobin: bright red, deoxyhemoglobin:darker red, purple
Thalassemia: inadequate amount of globular protein that slow down RBC production, fragile, and short lived
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RBC have short life span of 120 days or about 4 months
Takes beating going through blood vessels
Hemoglobin Recycling: Hemolyze (rupture) only about 10%. Hemoglobinuria: Urine turns reddish or brown
Liver, spleen, and bone marrow macrophages destory worn RBC. Hemoglobin broken down into globin and heme
Heme is broken down into biliverdin (green)>bilirubin (orange-yellow)
Erythropoiesis: production of RBC
In adults: red bone marrow
Hemocytoblast: Produce Erythroblast :make hemoglobin
Negative feedback mechanism involving the hormone erythropoietin (EPO) which is produced and secreted by special cells in liver and kidney
Chemoreceptors in kidneys and livers detect low blood oxygen
11.5 Categorize the various white blood cells on the basis of their structures and functions, and discuss the factors that regulate their production
Types and Functions of WBC
Granulocytes
Neutrophils: most abduntant. Increased in acute bacterial infection. Phagocytosis of foreign particles
Eosinophils: 1-3% total, increased during parasitic infections
Basophils: <1% total. Release heparin which inhibits blood clotting. May leave bloodstream and turn into mast cells
Agranulocytes
Monocytes: Increased during typhoid fever, malaria, and mononucleosis
Lymphocytes: live for several months to years. Largest WBC. T-Cells attack cells directly. B-Cells produce anitbodies and increase during TB, whooping cough, viral infections, tissue rejection reactions and tumors
Lymphopoiesis: making of WBC
Myloid Stem cells: Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils mature in bone marrow. Monocytes differentiate in bone marrow mature in circulation
11.4 Discuss the factors that determines a person's blood , and explain why blood types are important
Antigens determine blood type
Antibodies opposite of antigens
Rh inherited trait
11.6 Describe the structure, function and production of platelets
Function blood clotting
11.7 Describe the mechanisms that control blood loss after an injury
Hemostasis: stoppage of bleeding from a blood vessel
Vascular phase: vessel walls constrict Reduce blood flow for 30 minutes
Platelet Phase: Platelets become sticky and adhere to one another (platelet plug) Release hormone serotonin which causes further constriction of the vessel
Coagulation Phase: formation of blood clot. Requires Vitamin K and Calcium
Extrinsic: Starts when damaged tissue or tissue outside of blood vessel. Tissue Factor. Common pathway Factor X
Intrisic: starts when proenzymes contacts collagen fibers. Platelet factor released by platelets. Factor X
Factor X makes prothrombinase (enzyme) Thrombin catalyzes the polymeritzation to convert to thrombin. Thrombin turns fibrogen into fibrin. Fibrin make sup meshwork of clot.
Fibrinolytic System
Fibrinolysis: dissolving blood clots.
Platelets contracts
Thrombus: platelets sticking to vessel wall
Embolus: floating clot (air bubbles, fat globules, abnormal mass)
Embolism: when embolus gets lodged in a small vessel obstructing blood flow