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DISORDERS OF THE LOWER URINARY TRACT (CYSTITIS (ASSESSMENT FINDINGS AND…
DISORDERS OF THE LOWER URINARY TRACT
CYSTITIS
DEFINATION
It is the inflammation of the bladder
RISK FACTORS
Sexual activity
Use of diaphragms and spermicides
Pregnancy
Increased in age
Poor hygiene
Diabetes
Causes
urinary tract infection (UTI)
taking certain drugs
exposure to radiation
ongoing use of a catheter
irritating hygiene products
Pathophysiology
The invading organisms gain entry through the urethra
this can be due to an abnormal connection between the bladder and vigina that occurs during childbirth
trauma and malignant tumours are the main factors
ASSESSMENT FINDINGS AND SYMPTOMS
frequent urge to urinate
urge to urinate after you’ve emptied your bladder
cloudy or strong-smelling urine
a low fever if in combination with a UTI
blood in your urine
pain during sexual intercourse
sensations of pressure or bladder fullness
cramping in your abdomen or back
NUEROGENIC BLADDER
DEFINATION
It the bladder dysfunction that result from disruption of nerve impulse transmission from the bladder to the brain
CAUSES
injuries
tumours
multiple sclerosis
cerebrovascular accident
Spinal lesions above the level of T12
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
History of spinal diseases, CVA, Diabetes mellitus and
The patient complains of loss of sensation of the need to void and has micturition reflex
overflow of incontinence because of lack of nerve impulse transmission for muscle contraction
the bladder fills and empties without control
urinary retention and frequency
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
A nuerogenic bladder is due to an interruption of the nerve supply to the bladderas result of spinal defects
in many instances there may be paralysis of the lower limb or all limbs
the impact on the bladder may be incontinence or retention with incontinence or overflow with dribbling
urethritis
defination
it is the infection and inflammation of the urethra
causes
Damage caused by friction during sexual contact or masturbation
Disinfectant, antiseptic, or other products, such as tea tree oil
Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (E. coli)
Trichomonas vaginalis
Adenovirus
risk factors
Cigarette smoking
Environmental carcinogens
age
recurrent bacterial infections
pelvic radiation
bladder calculi
signs and symptoms
Blood in urine or semen
Painful ejaculation
Frequent or urgent urination
Pelvic and abdominal pain
Unusual vaginal discharge
ASSESSMENT AND FINDINGS
SUBJECTIVE DATA
the patient may complain of Frequency, incontinence, retention, urgency and hesitancy
Lower abdominal pain and pain in lower back
Haematuria
alteration in voiding pattern
weakness and weight loss
OBJECTIVE DATA
The urine is often cloudy and may test positive for protein
A midstream urine specimen is collected for culture
Radiologic studies may include ultrasounds
A cystoscopy may be done
A biopsy with cystoscopy may reveal abnormal tissue suggestive of malignancy
MANAGEMENT
NURSING
Drink plenty of fluids if allowed to flush the toxins out
keep the intake and output recorded so that kidney function is monitored
administered antibiotic as prescribed
Obtaining and documenting the history and signs and symptoms of UTI
Apply measures to stimulate the voiding reflex
Instituting a programme to establish good elimination habits
SURGICAL
Cystotomy
Cystostomy
Cystolithotomy
Retropubic suspension
needle bladder neck suspension
Urinary diversion
HEALTH EDUCATION
The nurse should teach the patient about the importance of increasing fluid intake and should encourages the patient to take a shower rather than bath
explain to women the importance of preventing feacal contamination by wiping from front to back after using the toilet
The patient should so be encouraged to empty his or her bladder completely with each voiding