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Chapter 4 Tissues (4.2 Epithelial tissue (epithelial charcteristics…

- - - - exocrine
        
        secretions discharged onto surface of epithelium (enzymes) digestive tract, sweat & milk production
      - endocrine
        
        secretions released into fluid or blood (hormones)
  - - - hemidesmosome attach cells to basement membrane
      - for mechanical stresses (stretching, bending,twisting, or compression) peel off in sheets (sunburn)
  - - - abundant where absorption or secretion along digestive and urinary tracts
      - active and passive transport across plasma membrane
    - - move material across epithelial surface respiratory tract (mucus)
- - - - plasma: matrix
      - RBC, WBC, Platelets
    - - WBC
      - interstial fluid: matrix
  - - - Location: 206 skeletal bones
      - function: Support, protection
      - osteocytes
      - periosteum
    - - elastic
        
        Location: Auricle of external ear, epiglottis,
        
        function: distortion without damage
      - fibrous
        
        location: meniscus, pubic symphysis, intervetebral dics
        
        Function: resists compression, prevent bone to bone contact
      - hyaline
        
        location: tips of ribs & bones of sternum, surfaces of synovial joints, trachea, larynx, bronchi and nasal septum
        
        function: reduce friction and provide flexible support
      - chondrocytes
      - perichondrium
  - - - areolar
        
        Location:Around blood vessels, nerves, organs, & beneath dermis
        
        function: Provides strength, elasticity, support and immune system protection.
      - adipose
        
        Location: Around organs, subcutaneous layer(between skin and muscle)
        
        function: Store energy, provide protection, and insulate.
      - reticular
        
        function:To support & hold together organs & adipose tissue.
        
        location:around organs such as the liver, kidney, spleen, and lymph organs.
    - - regular
        
        Location: Tendons, Ligaments, Aponeurosis (similar to tendons)
        
        Function: Their main function is to support other tissues, but mainly in one direction because the fibers all run in one direction.
      - irregular
        
        Location: Dermis, fibrous capsules, fascia (periosteum and pericondrium).
        
        Function: Dense irregular tissue functions to support tissues in multiple directions. This is because the fibers run in multiple directions.
      - elastic
        
        function: provide stretch
        
        location: wall of arteries, trachea, bronchial tree
- - - - pleura (lungs)
      - Peritoneum (heart)
      - pericardial (heart)
- - - - 40% caused by cigarette smoke
      - 70-80 percent from chemical or environmental exposure
- - - - several layers of cells above basement membrane
        
        stratified squamous epithelia
        
        LOCATION: surface of skin, lining of mouth, throat, esophagus, rectum, anus, vagina
        
        FUNCTION: physical protection against abrasion, pathogens
        
        stratified cuboidal epithelia
        
        LOCATION: ducts of sweat glands, mammary glands
        
        stratified columnar epithelia
        
        LOCATION: pharynx, epiglottis, anus, urethra
        
        Transitional epithelia
        
        FUNCTION: expansion and recoil after stretching
        
        LOCATION: urinary bladder, renal pelvis of kidneys, ureters
        
        pseudostratified columnar epithelia
        
        FUNCTION: protection, secretion
        
        LOCATION: nasal cavity, trachea, bronchi, male reproductive tract
    - - single layer of cells above basement membrane
        
        simple cuboidal epithelial
        
        FUNCTION: secretion, absorption
        
        LOCATION: Glands, ducts, kidney tubules
        
        Simple Squamous epithelia
        
        FUNCTION: reduce friction, permeability, absorption & secretion
        
        LOCATION: lining ventral body cavities, heart & blood vessels, alveoli
        
        simple columnar epithelia
        
        LOCATION: lining of stomach, intestine, gallbladder, uterine tubes & collecting ducts of kidneys
        
        FUNCTION: Protection, secretion, absorption
    - - exocrine
        
        discharge through a duct or tube onto some external or internal surface
        
        types of secretions
        
        apocrine
        
        both cytoplasm and secretory vesicles (mammry glands)
        
        holocrine
        
        cell burst with secretory vesicles and dies (sebacous glands)
        
        merocrine
        
        secretory vesicles by exocytosis (Mucus)
      - endocrine
        
        ductless glands, released into blood or tissues fluids
- - - - scar tissue / fibrous tissue
        
        fibrosis permanent replacement of normal tissue
- - - - neurons
        
        longest cells in body, can not divide or repair is limited
        
        dendrites (receive information)
        
        axon ( carries information)
        
        end at synaptic terminals
        
        cell body
      - neuroglia
        
        take care of neurons