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I3- The Philippines (Political threats (Strategies ((Personality—patronage…

- - - - Personality—patronage network (Rolex 12); business-state collusion
      - Depoliticization
      - New Society movement: Marcos used martial law powers to maintain control in his political ideology of New Society
      - Feedback loops opened directly to president, enabled Marcos to extend political patronage to masses (pork barrel politics) and promote social quiescence/passivity/silence.
      - Constitutional processes
      - Amended constitution
      - Manipulation of elections
      - Military suppression of NPA uprising
      - => Not successful in preventing regime change in 1986
      - => Marcos’ corruption and political manipulation (e.g B. Aquino’s assassination and not respecting C. Aquino’s electoral victory) and w/drawal of US’s support resulted in overthrow of Marcos in People Power Revolution.
- - - - Financial/economic aid from the US (CW factor)
        
        Reliance on external borrowing to drive domestic export-oriented industrialisation and agricultural reforms.
      - =>Economic mismanagement and extensive patronage led to economic ruin
        
        =>Corruption and cronyism led to plunder of state resources
        
        =>Filipino poverty deepened the Marcos era
        
        =>Legitimacy of Marcos regime affected, leading to regime change in 1986.
  - - - Strategies
        
        Ramos’ effective economic policies:
        Privatisation of underperforming state enterprises; reform of tax system; reduction of external debt; sensible govt spending
        -> Economic growth reached 6-7% under his stewardship
        
        =>Filipino poverty reduced but not significantly
        
        =>Corruption and cronyism continued to plague Filipino economy (e.g Estrada era later)
        
        =>However, Presidential Democracy remained intact and stable despite corruption scandals.
- - - - Military campaigns agst MNLF in 1970s and 1980s.
      - Negotiations for ceasefire and future autonomy in the 1980s and 1990s under Aquino and Ramos.
      - => Successful in keeping Mindanao w/in the Philippines
      - => However, while rebellion was militarily suppressed and Moro interests were satisfied through granting of autonomy in 1996, tensions till simmered btw the MNLF and govt.