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Photosynthesis (Energy and Reducing Power (Electron Carriers (Cytochromes,…

- - - - these 3 can't perform photophosphorylation due to the fact they lack pigments and organelles
  - - - it is consumed as food or imported by phloem
        
        Compounds work with high-energy phosphate groups
        
        Compounds force their phosphates onto ADP which makes ATP
  - - - ADP phosphorylated into ATP
  - - - atom doesn't carry as many electrons as it could
        
        oxidation reaction
        
        increases positive charge
        
        oxidized compounds
        
        contain great deal of oxygen
      - oxidizing agents
        
        NAD+ NADP+
        
        take away electrons
    - - electrons added to an atom
        
        reduction reaction
        
        reduces positive charge
        
        reduced compounds
        
        contain hydrogen
      - reducing power
        
        ability to force electrons onto compounds
        
        important to plants
        
        takes in carbon dioxide and water
        
        then turns them into carbohydrates, fats and other compounds that are very reduced
      - reducing agents
        
        NADH NADPH
        
        place electrons on compounds
  - - - small portion that contains a cofactor: heme, which holds an iron atom
      - integral part of chloroplast's thylakoid membrane
      - carry electrons between sites extremely close together
    - - like cytochromes, transport electrons over short distances
      - pick up 2 electrons bind 2 protiens
      - long hydrocarbon tail allows for them to dissolve easily into lipid component of chloroplast membrane
    - - small portions that carry on metal atom
      - loosely associated with chloroplast membrane
      - move short distance along surface but doesn't travel far
- - - - dont't interact with CO2
        
        create Intermediates ATP and NADPH
  - - - also referred to as Photons
  - - - absorbs some red and blue light
        
        lets the rest pass through especially high-energy radiation
    - - the molecule goes from a ground state to an excited state
    - - molecules that strongly absorb wavelengths not absorbed by chlorophyll a
      - Chlorophyll b and carotenoids
        
        carotenoids and 300 chlorophylls are called antenna complex
        
        when light strikes the antenna complex the energy is transferred to the reaction center
  - - - little chlorophyll b
        
        P700= reaction center
        
        absorb red light of 700nm most efficiently
        
        excites an electron, which is absorbed by a membrane-bound electron acceptor known as Fx
        
        no bonding orbitial formed
        
        the transferred electron is extremely unstable and the reduced Fx passes it to ferredoxin
        
        electrons are passed from the ferrodoxin to an enzyme ferrodoxin-NADP+ reductase
        
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    - - some have an abundance of chlorophyll b and some have a lack of it
    - - reduces P700
      - best described as working backwards from photosystem 1
      - molecule of plastocynanin, donates an electron to the chlorophyll a of the photosystem 1 reaction center
        
        plastocyanin is oxidized
        
        lacks an electron, receives one from cytochrome b6/f complex
        
        a molecule of Q (quinone) which in turn receives electrons from phaeophytin
        
        phaeophytin is oxidized as it donates an electron to Q
        
        reaction center named p680
        
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    - - electrons are passed from water to P680 in photosystem 2
        
        their energy is boosted by light, then they move down the electron transport chain
        
        to p700 in photosystem 1
        
        where energy is boosted again and they pass through a second ETC to NADP+
        
        reducing to NADPH
      - P680 and P700 are needed to make ATP
  - - - involves the thylakoids, and when they are formed in a region they become known as grana
        
        Thylakoid Lumen
        
        important because some of the enzymes and electron carriers are embedded in the membrane of this
      - the molecules of ferredoxin-NADP reductase that generate NADPH
        
        Water is broken down
        
        There is a strong difference between the concentration of protons inside the thylakoid lumen and exterior the storm quickly becomes powerful
        
        protons begin to flow out of the lumen through special channels in the membrane
        
        these channels are complex sets of enzymes that can synthesis ATP from ADP and phosphate
- - - - two important pathways
        
        the synthetic pathways of polysaccharides and fats, which are storage forms of energy and carbon
        
        The NADPH and ATP produced by photosynthesis are excellent sources of energy
        
        can only be stored for a short amount of time, cause they are reactive and unstable
  - - - in similar reactions to those of C3 metabolism, part of the PGAL exported to the cytoplasm is converted to dihydroxyacetone phosphate
        
        one molecule of this condenses with one molecule of unconverted 3-phosphoglyceraldehyde to form a sugar( fructose-1,6-bisphosphate
        
        this loses a phosphate to become fructose-6-phosphate, this becomes rearranged converting it to glucose-6-phosphate
- - - - quality
        
        refers to the colors or the wavelengths it contains
      - quantity
        
        refers to the light intensity or brightness, is affected by several factors
      - duration
        
        refers to the number of hours per day the sunlight is available
  - - - good for absorbing carbon dioxide, bad for conserving water
  - - - the small amount of carbon dioxide produced during respiration can be reused photsynthetically
- - - - carbon count up to 6
        
        two new molecules created, 3-phosophoglycerate, each contain 3 carbons
        
        the enzyme that carries out this reaction is called RuBP carboxylase
        
        one of the largest and most complex enzymes known, a giant complex of two kinds of protein subunits
        
        first step of storma reactions is carboxylation only
        
        electrons and energy are added in the next two steps
        
        ATP donates a high energy phosphate group to the 3-phosphoglycerate
        
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