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Conflict in Indochina (Indochina After the French (Consequences of…

- - - - Never held
  - - - Political/Economic
        
        Soviet Union/China supply military, financial and technical support
        
        Support drove agriculture/industrialisation
        
        Uncle Ho allowed autonomy (to a degree)
      - Social
        
        Land Reforms
        
        Redistribution of land
        
        Killed landowner
        
        Peoples Agricultural Reform Tribunal
        
        900,000 Vietnmese Catholics fled south
        
        Nth lost many skilled workers/government officials
      - Military
        
        Vietnamese People Liberation Army (VPLA)
        
        Freed Vietnam from French
        
        After division VPLA in the south became Viet Cong
        
        Viet Cong
        
        Destabilised Sth Government
        
        Guerilla Tactics
        
        Backed by Ho Chi Minh
        
        Ho Chi Minh Trail
    - - Political/Economic
        
        Bao Dai
        
        Last Emperor of Vietnam
        
        Puppet for French and Japanese
        
        Sth Governement
        
        Ruled from Saigon
        
        No popular support
        
        1955
        
        Referendum allowed for Diem to replace Bao Dai
        
        Became Republic of Vietnam
        
        Diem
        
        Nepotistic President
        
        Corrupt Leadership
        
        Abolished local elections
        
        Terror campaign crushed political opposition
        
        Viet Minh suspects rounded up
        
        Puppet to US
        
        Economy/Diem regime supported by $$US
      - Military
        
        Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN)
        
        French Trained
        
        Threatened to coup
        
        1955 - US supported ARVN - Training and Financial Aid
        
        Strategic Hamlets
        
        Moved people from homeland to secure location
        
        Created resentment to Diem
        
        Rose popularity for Viet Cong
  - - - Would not suppourt Hi Chi Minh's demands for a free Vietnam
      - Wanted France to to remain in power
        
        Buffer zone - Domino Theory
    - - French tried to regain possession by bombing Haiphong
        
        Killed 6000 Civilians
      - French refused to give colonial possession
      - Viet Minh take over majority of Vietnamese Countryside
    - - Supplied Weapons/Tactical Suppourt
    - - Viet Minh formed to fight for Vietnamese Independence
        
        Led by Communists/other nationalist groups
      - Led by Ho Chi Minh
    - - Decide future of Indochina and Korea
- - - - If attacked help each other
    - - Stop the spread of Communism
    - - Military/Economic Aid
      - Advisors
      - Run Strategic Hamlet program
      - WHAM
      - 1962 - 11,000 advisors in Vietnam
    - - US Destroyer Maddox recognisance mission in international water
      - Exchanged fire with Nth Vietnamese torpedo boat
      - US retaliated with bombing
      - No Declaration of war
      - Gulf of Tonkin Resolution
        
        Allowed Johnson to take ' all necessary measures' without Congress
        
        Green light to wage undeclared war
  - - - Operation Flaming Dart
      - Operation Rolling Thunder
    - - In reality - Viet Cong winning as many farmers fled to avoid bombing (where the Viet Cong are)
- - - - Supported by North Vietnam and China
      - Supported by Viet Minh
      - Established in 1952 by Cambodian People's Party
      - Small, radical guerrilla group
    - - Communist agitation
      - US involvement
    - - Sihanouk --> Lon Nol
    - - Created National United Front of Cambodia (Sihanouk in Khmer Rouge)
    - - Led to 5 year Civil War (70-75)
    - - Pol Pot made himself communist dictator
      - Country cut off from rest of world
      - Renamed Cambodia to Kampuchea
    - - Replaced by Khieu Samphan
      - Leaving Pol Pot as total dictator
  - - - Educated in France
      - Studied Marxism
      - 1962 - Became leader of Communist Party of Kampuchea
        
        Unknown Figure
      - Fought against Lon Nol
    - - Total Collectivism of Agriculture
      - Eliminate all political opposition
    - - Forced evacuation of cities to villages
      - Re-educate middle class to peasant thinking
      - Exterminate Western influence
      - Forced removal resulted in Killing fields
      - Tuol Sleng(Secondary School) tortured
        
        Suspected Enemies of the State
        
        People wearing glasses
- - - - 21st Jan: 10 days before Tet - Nth lost 10,00 men on major attack at Khe Sanh
      - 30th Jan: Officially began - More than 100 coordinated attacks on USA military installations and cities
      - Sth Forces taken by surprise
      - Viet Cong invaded US Embassy
      - Televised to US, seen as a victory for the Nth
      - 50,000 Nth Vietnamese and Viet Cong dead
      - American Anti-war protest increased
      - Johnson didn't seek re-election
    - - 1968 - Peace talks began in Paris
        
        Ineffective due to distrust between parties/Us secretly continued war
      - 1969 - Nixon introduced Vietnamisation
    - - Agent Orange/pesticides destroyed crops/village economies
      - Burning of villages suspected of harbouring Viet Cong
      - Devastation of bombing raids on city/country sides
      - Flood of refugees from affected areas to cities
      - Landmines/Booby traps killing innocents
      - American's committing war crimes - My Lai Massacre
      - Strategic Hamlets
    - - Stop Ho Chi Minh Trail
      - Nixon's secret war in Cambodia caused protest
      - Operation Menu destroyed villages/killed innocents
      - National United Front of Cambodia formed by Sihanouk and Khmer Rouge
      - Lon Nol took power
      - Cambodian civil war - Khmer Rouge (Pol Pot) v Cambodian Government (Lon Nol/America)
      - Civil War killed 800,000 - Many homeless
      - Pol Pot's Regime
        
        Year 0
        
        Killing Fields
        
        Re-education Camps
    - - Many protest organisation united
      - Became an extension of the Feminist/Civil RIghts Movement
      - Came Under the umbrella of the 'Hippie' Movement
      - Reporters in Vietnam could broadcast live to the US
      - War was lost on TV not battleground
      - Caused people to question motive for war
      - Troop loses fuelled anti-war movement
      - Sit-ins/Teach-ins became common
      - People brunt Draft Cards
      - My Lai - Reinforced brutality of war - Led to more people joining anti-war movement
      - Invasion of Cambodia caused increased protest marches size/frequency - anti-war movement spread world wide
    - - 1975 - North Vietnam on verge of invading South
      - 1975 March - NVA/NLF made one last ditch effort
      - Panic and Desperation set in in the South
      - 1975 21st April - President Thieu resign, flees to Taiwan
      - 1975 30th April - South surrendered unconditionally
      - North occupied South, re-united Vietnam