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I3-Indonesia (Separatism (Strategies ((Military campaigns by the ABRI,…

I3-Indonesia

Separatism

 Separatist movements in Outer Islands emerged since democratic rule such as the Free Aceh Movement and the Free Papua Movement

Political opposition

New Order Era (Suharto)

Political opposition to the New Order from secular political parties like the PDI and Islamic groups like the PPP which stood agst Suharto’s Golkar.

Strategies

Leadership--Suharto’s patronage network

Depoliticization of the masses   - Golkar encouraged political passivity. Golkar was a vehicle for managing political activity. It was provided with govt funds and supported by the govt apparatus. =>Therefore, Golkar was turned into an organisation that channelled the population’s political energies behind the regime.

Pancasila ideology based on belief in one generic God, national unity, humanitarianism, democracy based on consensus, and social justice.                                   ->Syncretistic ideology tt recognised a secular, multi-religious society as opposed to an Islamic or atheist ideology.                                                  ->Pancasila sought to remove from the Indonesian political agenda what the govt saw as evils of liberal democracy, Marxism and militant Islam.

Constitutional processes—manipulation of electoral processes and democratic institutions (MPR and DPR).

Suharto retained the 1945 constitution that gave strong powers to the president.

The DPR was mostly an elected body, although some seats were reserved for the armed forces. To ensure that a compliant parliament, in 1973, Suharto emasculated Indonesia’s political parties by permitting only 3 of them to exist legally.

Principle of dwifungsi (dual function) where the army (ABRI) assumed roles in administration/govt and defense.

Economic threats

Economic failures under Sukarno such as hyperinflation, who was only concerned abt building his img and stirring up nationalism; economic needs of ppl not looked after. ->Therefore, need to dvlp Indonesian economy to raise SOL

Suharto’s regime legitimacy hence staked on economic growth