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Chapter 10 Energy Metabolism: Photosynthesis (Photosynthesis (Light…

- - - - pigments enter every reaction
        
        too reactive/difficult to control
        
        large molecules
      - pigments make several less energetic intermediates
        
        small molecules
        
        NAD+
        
        reduced NADH
        
        reducing agent
        
        electrons on other molecules
        
        2 more items...
        
        Oxidizing agent
        
        NADP+
        
        reduced NADPH
        
        easier to control
        
        Photosynthetic reactions
        
        produces ATP
        
        high energy phosphate bond
        
        can force most reactions to occur
        
        Reactions w/out ATP
        
        guanosine triphosphate #
  - - - Gains electrons
      - reduced compounds
        
        hydrogen
        
        reduces partial charge
        
        gives up electrons
    - - Loses electrons
      - more time spend near oxygen by electrons
      - oxidized compounds
        
        oxygen
        
        pulls electrons away
        
        raise partial charge
    - - CO2 & H20
        
        highly oxidized forms of carbon & hydrogen
        
        carbs
        
        fats other compounds
        
        fats
      - animals need less reducing power
  - - - small proteins
        
        intrinsic membrane
        
        thylakoid
        
        cannot be removed
        
        carry electrons to close sites
      - cofactor, heme
        
        holds iron atom
        
        carry electrons
        
        +2 and +3 oxidation states
      - transport electrons
    - - transport electrons
        
        pick up two electrons
        
        bind two proteins
      - hydrophobic
        
        dissolve in lipids
    - - small protein
      - carries electrons
        
        on metal atoms
      - chloroplast membranes
- - - - electromagnetic radiation spectrum
        
        gamma rays
        
        ultraviolet light
        
        infrared light
        
        microwaves
        
        radio waves
        
        quanta or photons
        
        waves
        
        short
        
        large amount energy
        
        ex: cosmic
        
        ex: gamma
        
        ex: ultraviolet
        
        long
        
        little energy
        
        ex: infrared
        
        ex: microwaves
        
        ex: radar
        
        ex: radio
        
        pigment molecule warmer
        
        absobed
        
        activates electron
        
        ground to excited state
        
        energy
        
        2 more items...
    - - absorb light
        
        only energy used
        
        Chlorophyll a
        
        red light
        
        blue light
        
        doesn't use quanta
        
        accessory pigments
        
        absorb what chlorophyll a doesn't
        
        chlorophyll b
        
        large flat molecule
        
        porphyrin ring structure
        
        hydrophobic tail
        
        resonance
        
        plentiful
        
        photosystem II
        
        less abundant
        
        Photosystem I
        
        carotenoids
        
        large flat molecule
        
        porphyrin ring structure
        
        hydrophobic tail
        
        capture 5% energy
      - light not absorbed
        
        gives color
      - transfer energy to electrons
      - released
      - florescence
      - antenna complex
        
        energy transferred to reaction center
        
        pair chlorophyll a donate electron
        
        electron acceptor mc
      - packed into photosynthetic unit
        
        antenna complex
        
        reaction center
    - - pair chloroplasts
        
        P700
        
        absorb red light
        
        electron absorbed
        
        Fx
        
        iron
        
        sulfer
        
        Fe4S4
        
        X absorbs electron from P7--
        
        reducing agent
        
        1 more item...
        
        electron reduced and passed on
        
        2 more items...
    - - produces NADPH
      - P700 loses electron
      - reduces P700
        
        plastocyanin
        
        donates electron to chlorophyll a
        
        oxidizes
        
        receives electron from cytochrome b6/f complex
        
        electron from plastoquinone
        
        1 more item...
        
        lacks electron
        
        contains copper
      - gets electrons from H2O
        
        protons
        
        used by plants
        
        oxygen
        
        disguarded
    - - light dependent reactions
        
        NADPH
        
        electrons on carbon of CO2
        
        exergonic splitting ATP
        
        chemical phosphorylation
        
        Chloroplast Inner Membrane
        
        grana
        
        1 more item...
        
        frets
        
        1 more item...
        
        thylakoid lumen
        
        4 more items...
        
        ferredoxin-NADP located other side
        
        not permeable to protons
        
        1 more item...
  - - - in stroma
        
        1st step carboxylation
        
        next steps:ATP donates phosphate group
        
        1,3-diphosphoglcerate
        
        reduced by NADPH
        
        3-phosphoglyceraldehye
        
        1 more item...
      - ribulsose-1-5-biphosphate
        
        reacts w/CO2
        
        carbon added
        
        breaks apart
        
        3-phosphoglycerate formed
        
        RuBP carboxylase
        
        carries out reaction
        
        large
        
        complex enzyme
        
        quaternary structure critical
        
        most abundant protein
        
        w/out no life
  - - - gluconeogenesis
        
        C3 metabolism
        
        3 phosphoglyceraldehyde
        
        dihydroxyacetone phosphate
        
        fructose-6-phosphate
        
        glucose-6-phosphte
        
        2 more items...
        
        versatile/useful
        
        sugar
        
        lose phosphate
        
        occurs chloroplasts, amyloplasts, or cystol
    - - anabolism
        
        anabolic reactions
        
        two major pathways
        
        synthetic pathways
        
        polysaccharides & fats
        
        storage form
        
        2 more items...
        
        NADPH and ATP
        
        can't be stored
        
        storage compounds
        
        Short-term
        
        1 more item...
        
        Intermediate-term
        
        3 more items...
        
        Long-term
        
        1 more item...
        
        excellent energy source
        
        reactive/unstable
- - - - colors or wavelengths
        
        sunlight pure white
        
        sunrise/set
        
        blue light deflected upward
        
        light @ ground red
        
        last few minutes
        
        little effect on photosynthesis
        
        noon
        
        sunlight passes vertically though atmosphere
        
        wavelengths allow photosynthesis
        
        red and blue light absoebed
    - - light intensity/brightness
        
        clear
        
        more CO2 absorbed
        
        photosynthesis faster, more CO2
        
        dim
        
        little CO2 absorbed
        
        photosynthesis slower
        
        protection
        
        trichomes
        
        wax
        
        absorbs harmful short waves
        
        intensity increase, photosynthesis increases
        
        greatest when sun overhead
        
        no photosynthesis
        
        light compensation point
    - - hours per day sunlight available
        
        equator
        
        12 hr days
        
        North/South
        
        summer
        
        days longer
        
        light brighter
        
        sun higher
        
        lots of energy
        
        winter #
        
        days shorter
        
        Middle latitudes
        
        short winters
        
        weak sunlight
        
        plants grow little
        
        low rate respiration
  - - - intercellular spaces
        
        reduce water loss
        
        small surface are
        
        slows photosynthesis
        
        slow growth
        
        water conservation
  - - - open
        
        daytime
        
        water loss
      - closed
        
        nightime
        
        water retained
        
        soil dry
        
        CO2 cannot enter
    - - C4 Metabolism
      - Crassulacean Acid Metabolism
  - - - CO2 absorbed
      - CO2 transported
      - CO2 concentrated in leaf
    - - mesophyll not distributed as palisade or spongy parenchyma
        
        vascular bundle
        
        chlorophyllous sheath of cells
        
        enzme PEP carboxylase
        
        high CO2 affinity
        
        binds rapidly & firmly
        
        CO2 concentration low
        
        1 more item...
        
        never picks oxygen
        
        adds CO2 to PEP
        
        oxaloacetate
        
        2 more items...
    - - mostly monocots
        
        hot climates
        
        ex: corn
        
        ex: sugarcane
        
        ex: sorghum
  - - - improves conservation of H20
        
        PEP carboxylated
        
        forms oxaloacetate
        
        reduced to malate or other acids
        
        accumulate
        
        store CO2
        
        occurs @ night
        
        2 more items...