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Chapter 5: Biological Molecule (Lipids are hydrophobic (fats= glycerols…
Chapter 5: Biological Molecule
Polymers built from Monomers
Polymer= large chain of monomers
monomers= small molecules
Enzymes used in body to break up polymers
Dehydration reaction=2 molecules lose H2O
one molecule provides -OH & other -H
Hydrolysis = Breakdown of polymers
Used by body to digest
bonds broken by adding H2O
Diversity in polymers
varies from person to person and species to species
constructed from 40-50 common monomers
can be organized by similarities
Carbohydrates = Fuel
Carbs= sugar and polymers of sugar
Monosaccharide=simple sugars ex.glucose
Carbonyl group and hydroxyl group
Aldoses= end of carbon skeleton
Glyceraldehyde= breakdown of glucose
Ketoses= within carbon skeleton
dihydroxyacetone= breakdown product of glucose
Disaccharide= two monosaccharides with glycosidic linkage
glucose + glucose= maltose
Polysaccharides= macromolecules giant polymeres
serves as storage material for cells
plants store starch
animals store glycogen
structural polymeres
ex. cellulose for plantss
chitin= exoskeleton in arthropods
Lipids are hydrophobic
fats are not polymeres= large molecules assembled
fats= glycerols and fatty acids
glycerols= alcohol
fatty acids= long carbon skeleton with functional end
3 fatty acids + glycerol with
ester linkage
= triacylglycerol
unsaturated fatty acids = double bonds with few hydrogen on double bond carbon
ex: olive oil
saturated fatty acids= hydrogen is saturated
Example: bar of butter
Phospholipids= 2 fatty acid+ glycerol
polar head and non-polar tails
usually found in cellmembrane
steroids with four fused rings
example: cholesterol
Proteins and their Function
proteins= catalyst
amino acid = building blocks for proteins
20 amino acids in total
amino group + carboxyl group
can be hydrophobic or hydrophylic and negative or positive
polypeptides= amino acid polymeres
contains peptide bond
Structure and function
primary structure= linear chain of amino acids
secondary structure= hydrogen bonds between atoms
ex: DNA
Tertiary 3D shape with secondary structure
Quartinary structure= 2 or more polypeptides
Ex: hemoglobin
Denaturing = breaking down protein
Nucleic Acids are Body info
2 types: DNA and RNA
gene expression
DNA = genetic material in nucleus
double helix
RNA genetic material in bacteria and sometimes humans
polynucleotides = polymeres
involves dehydration reaction
nucleotide= monomers
5 carbon sugar + nitrogenous base + 3 phosphate groups