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Growth and Divison of the Cell (Growth Phase of the Cell Cycle (G₂ Phase…
Growth and Divison of the Cell
Growth Phase of the Cell Cycle
S Phase
S or (synthesis)
genes replicated
entire chromosomes replicated
complex of genes=genome
---->chromosome
histones
centromere
telomere
chromatid
endoreduplication
large nucleus with many gene copies
24,576 copes of every gene
gene amplification
unique sequence
G₂ Phase
α- and β- tubulins
spindle microtubules
G₂
lasts 3-5 hours
G₁ Phase
G₁ or (gap 1)
1st stage after cell division
synthesis of nucleotides
cell cycle's longest part
Division Phase of the Cell Cycle
division of nuclus
karyokinesis
division of cytoplasm
cytokinesis
Mitosis
duplication division
common type of karyokinesis
#
Prophase
chromosomes condense
chromosome condensation
opposite pole migration
spindle
kinetochore
Metaphase
chromosomes centered
metaphase plate
separase enzyme activated
digests cohesin
Anaphase
begins after cohesin is digested
spindles shorten
Telophase
nuclear envelopes formed
chromosomes uncoil
reversal of prophase
Cytokinesis
division of protoplast
preprophase band
plane of division
phragmoplast
cell plate
phragmosome
Meiosis
sex cells (gametes)
fuse forming a zygote
reduction division
Meiosis I
Prophase I
nucleolus & nuclear membrane breakdown
leptotene
chromosomes condense
zygotene
pairing of chromosomes
homologous chromosome
homolog
synaptonemal complex
synapsis
bivalent
pachytene
chromosomes shorter & thicker
crossing-over
#
diplotene
bivalents move away
tangled by chiasmata
tetrads visible
diakinesis
homologs continue to seperate
untangle
Metaphase I
tetrads move to center of cell
metaphase plate
Anaphase I
chromosomes seperate
cohesin not digested
Telophase I
chromosomes start to uncoil
possible interkinesis
no DNA replication
cytokinesis may occur
Meiosis II
<--------If telophase I occurs
Prophase II
prepare nucleus for division
Metaphase II
short
Anaphase II
separates chromosome from replicate
Telophase II
new nuclei formed
Less Common Types of Division in Algae
coenocyte
large cell
multinucleated cells
division w/out nuclear division
cytokinesis
several types in algae
no cell wall
plasma membrane pinches in two
cell wall
phragmoplast
forms cell plate
form inward or outward
phycoplast
furrowing or cell plate
Cell Division of Prokaryotes
cytokinesis
much simpler
no histones present
one/ several rings of DNA
pulled apart as cell grows
infurrowing
plasma membrane pulls inward
pinches in two