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Chapters 4 & 5 (Carbohydrates (Monomer (Monosaccharides (Glucose…

- - - - Glucose (C6H12O6)
      - Fructose
      - Ribose
  - - - Structural Polysaccharides
        
        Chitin
        
        Cellulose
      - Storage Polysaccharides
        
        Starch
        
        Glycogen
- - - - An organic molecule with both an amino group and a carboxyl group
  - - - A protein is a biologically functional molecule made up of one or more
      - Range in length from a few amino acids to 1,000 or more
  - - - When two amino acids are positioned so that the carboxyl group of one is adjacent to the amino group of the other, they can become joined by a dehydration reaction, with the removal of a water molecule.
  - - - Linear Chain of amino acid
      - Ex. Transthyretin
        
        A globular blood protein that transports vitamin A and one of the thyroid hormones throughout the body
    - - Regions stabilized by hydrogen bonds between atoms of the polypeptide backbone
      - The result of hydrogen bonds between the repeating constituents of the polypeptide backbone
    - - Three-dimensional shape stabilized by interactions between side chains
      - The overall shape of a polypeptide resulting form interactions between the side chains usually end up in clusters at the core of the protein.
    - - Association of two or more polypeptides (some proteins only)
      - The overall protein structure that results from the aggregation of these polypeptide subunits
- - - - The abiotic synthesis of organic compounds
  - - - Different covalent arrangements
    - - Same covalent bond but different spatial arrangements
    - - Mirror images of each other
  - - - Compound name: Alcohol
      - Ex. Ethanol
    - - Compound name: Ketone
      - Ex. Acetone & Propanal
    - - Compound name: Carboxylic Acid/ Organic Acid
      - Ex. Acetic Acid
    - - Compound name: Amine
      - Ex. Glycine
    - - Compound name: Thiol
      - Ex. Cysteine
    - - Compound name: Organic phosphate
      - Ex. Glycerol Phosphate
    - - Compound name: Methylated compound
      - Ex. 5-Methylcytosine
  - - - A-P-P --> P + energy (Inorganic phosphate) ADP
      - A-P-P-P
- - - - Is composed of three parts: a five carbon sugar, a nitrogen-containing base, and one to three phosphate groups.
  - - - Provides directions for its own replication
    - - Enable living organisms to reproduce their complex components from one generation to the next.
    - - DNA also directs RNA synthesis and, through RNA, controls protein synthesis
  - - - The two sugar-phosphate backbones run in opposite 5' - 3' directions from each other
    - - The number of genomes that have been fully sequenced has burgeoned, generating reams of data and prompting development
    - - Biologist often look at problems by analyzing large sets of genes or even comparing whole genomes of different species
    - - A similar analysis of large sets of proteins including their sequence
- - - - A long carbon skeleton, usually 16 or 18 carbon atoms in length
    - - A structure that is aid to be saturated with hydrogen and resulting fatty acid
    - - One or more double bonds with one fewer hydrogen atom on each double-bonded carbon
    - - Contribute to coronary heart disease
      - Especially common in baked goods and processed foods
  - - - A crucial molecule in animals