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Chapter 14: Metabolic Diversity (Fermentation (Types (Propionic Acid…
Chapter 14: Metabolic Diversity
Photosynthesis
Light reactions produce ATP
chlorophylls
Present in:
Plants
Algae
Cyanobacteria
Absorb red and blue light
Photocomplexes
Reaction centers
Contain small numbers of pigment molecules
Complex macromolecule that participates directly in reactions that lead to energy conservation
Antenna pigments
Surround reaction centers
Made up of large numbers of chlorophylls/bacteriochlorophylls
"light-harvesting pigments"
Absorb light and funnel some energy to reaction center
50-300 chlorophyll/bacteriochlorophyll molecules
Locations
Eukaryotes
Chloroplasts
Thylakoids
Sheetlike photosynthetic membrane systems
Stakes of these form grana
Prokaryotes
Purple bacteria
Lamellae
cyanobacteria
Thylakoids
bacteriochlorophylls
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Present in:
anoxic phototrophs
Absorb infrared light
Absorb light energy and convert to ATP
Autotrophic Pathways
Dark reactions convert \(CO_2\) to cellular material
\(H_2S\) and \(H_2\) is e- donor for:
green and purple sulfur bacteria
\(O_2\) is not produced
anoxygenic
Reverse Citric Acid Cycle
\(CO_2\) reduced by reversal of CAC
Requirements
4 NADH
2 ferredoxins
3 more items...
10 ATP
6\(CO_2\)
1 more item...
Several unique enzymes
a-ketoglutarate synthase
pyruvate synthase
1 more item...
\(H_2O\) is e- donor for:
Green plants
algae
cyanobacteria
\(O_2\) is produced
oxygenic
Oxygenic photosynthesis
Calvin Cycle
Requirements
6 more items...
RubisCO catalyzes formation of PGA from ribulose bisphosphate and \(CO_2\)
PGA phosphorylated and reduced to G3P
G3P converted to glucose via reverse glycolysis
Types of Photosynthesis
Anoxygenic
Q-Type (purple bacteria)
ATP generation
Molecules are excited... go from weak e- donors to strong e- donors
e- flow through membrane generating a PMF (Q -> cyt b -> cyt c)
Light energy absorbed by antenna system and transferred to pair of bacteriochlorophyll a molecules
NOTE: No net consumption of e-
NADH needed to reduce \(CO_2\)
reverse e- transport :question:
e- from Q to NAD+ to make NADH
Utilizes
Reducing power from \(H_2S\)
Iron-Sulfur (Fe-S) Type
Oxygenic
Utilizes botth Q-Type and Fe-S Type
Fermentation
Fermentation Products
Reduced substances produced as end product of catabolism
Atoms and e- must equal substrates
Excreted from cell
Occurs when e- acceptors are unavailable
Types
Lactic Acid
Gram-positive nonsporulating bacteria
homofermentive
2 molecules Lactic acid
Contain aldolase
Produce 2 ATP per glucose
heterofermentive
lactic acid
Ethanol
\(CO_2\)
No aldolase
Produce 1 ATP per glucose
Mixed Acid
Forms:
Acetic acid
Lactic acid
Succinic acid
Typically also forms:
\(CO_2\)
Ethanol
\(H_2\)
Clostridial
Sugar fermentation by Clostridium
Forms (glycolysis)
Pyruvate
Converted
A-CoA
Reduced to butyrate
1 more item...
Only when environment isn't too acidic
\(H_2\)
\(CO_2\)
NADH
Amino acid fermentation
Amino acids
Converted
fatty acid-CoA derivative
ATP produced via phosphorylation
\(CO_2\)
\(NH_3\)
Strickland reaction
Paired amino acids
One acts as e- donor
Other acts as e- acceptor
Products:
\(CO_2\)
\(NH_3\)
carboxylic acid
Propionic Acid
Inputs
Glucose
Lactate
These bacteria live with lactic acid bacteria
Swiss cheese
Outputs
acetate
\(CO_2\)