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Unit 10: Gender Mainstreaming and Organizational Change (Section 1 - Intro…
Unit 10: Gender Mainstreaming and Organizational Change
Section 1 - Intro to Gender Mainstreaming
1.1 Definitions of GM
GM - is the systematic inclusion of gender in all aspects of policy and planning
It combines between
Gender efficiency approach - which focuses on what women can do for development - a depoliticized approach
Gender empowerment approach - focuses on power dynamics and empowering women but with community-level project - unsustainable
Principles of GM
Collecting sex disaggregated info
Consulting with men and women on their needs
Collating action to address gender inequality
Organizational capacity development
DFID - GM is the responsibility of all staff
Consulting with men/women
Being personally informed about gender issues
Becoming aware of their own gender biases
Seeking ways to improve lives of women
Organizational Capacity Development
Two views
An end in itself - just like empowerment
A means that justifies development failures
Disbaility MS in VSO
Commitment --> Sensitization --> Workplace MS --> Programme MS --> Policy MS --> inclusion of gender in all aspects of org
1.2 Lessons learned
Sibbons
- PMSP Project
Importance of patience - GM takes time
It affects people faster and more than others
Need for context analysis
Complex nature of learning and change
Important role of change agents
FAO
- fisheries department at HQ --> barriers
Policy evaporation
Capacity
Organizational context
Typical findings on challenges in GM
GM not included in staff ToRs
Staffing patterns, attitudes and capacities
Usually seen as the responsibility of one person with an interest in gender
Reduced to women components in projects
Women are seen as a distinct sector
Seen as imposed by donors
Recommendations
Political will
Technical capacity
Accountability
Organizational culture
Key Reading - Derbyshire
- role of gender advocates
Internal influencing
Reviews, policies and strategies
Systems of planning and monitoring
Equality at work
Section 2 - Gender Mainstreaming and Development
2.1 Inequalities in Development Organizations
Two views of development organizations
Function on the basis of merit
Reproduce Inequalities within their organizational hierarchies
Development org are gendered hierarchies - women are clustered at the bottom of hierarchies
Impact on quality of public and development services
Corbridge
- India - women wait 37% longer to see the same official
Bangladesh - development seen as a man's job - women restricted from field works
2.2 Organizational Change
Good governance - to achieve efficiency and effectiveness, but also to improve accountability
Goetz
- framework for understanding how organizations replicate inequalities
Gendered participants
Gendered space and time
Organizational history
Organizational culture
Accountability structures
Sexuality of organizations
Accountability systems
Levels of Organizational Learning
Single loop learning - changing rules of organizational; asking how questions
Double loop learning - changing underlying insights; asking why questions
Triple loop learning - changing values and principles - asking what for questions
Importance of gender audits - allows staff to reflect on GM within policies, practices, programmes, etc.
Gender-sensitive public reform
Recruitment quotas
Gender equality in performance measurement
Consultations with women clients of public services
Standing
- donors expecting development organizations to lead social change are not realistic - social change should come from the political arean
Section 3 - Gender Mainstreaming in Politics
3.1 Gender Audits
Gender audits - do not refer to budgets specific for women, but gender analysis of government spending
Analysis can focus on
Specific sector
Specific agency
Particular issue of interest to women
Whole budget
Revenues
Bundlender
- limited progress in gender audits
Limited gov't engagement with CS
Lack of information and sex disaggregated information
Those conducting budgets are marginalized at the center
3-part budget categorization
Initiatives that focus on women
Initiatives that focus on gender equality
Gender-neutral
Developing gender budgets on basis of:
Data on needs of women and men that can be addressed by government spending
Expected impact of a certain policy
Uses of gender budget information
Advocacy and awareness
Planning, monitoring and accountability
Gender budgets are most useful when they support an existing policy - e.g. Mexico
3.2 Women's participation in politics
Number of women in parliament has been increasing everywhere except Eastern Europe and Central Asia
From 9% in 1990s to 22% in 2016
Affirmative action - India and Uganda
Domestic violence in South Africa - Importance of women's movements
Key Reading - Cost Montiel
- Sweden vs. Mexico GM