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What causes OCD (https://www.ocduk.org/ocd/what-causes-ocd/) (behavoural,…
genetic
Genetics.AlthoughThere is a higher prevalence of people in the same family suffering from Ocd, Researchers have failed to identify consistent candidate gene responsible for OCD.Studies on identical twinsWhere one twin has OCD and the other not, further questions this theory . This suggests that genetics may not be the only course of OCDAnd that family prevalence of OCD could be learned behaviours in some casesAlthough we cannot rule genetics out it is clear that it's not the whole storyAnd learned or environmental factors may play a significant part.
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pandas
PANDASPediatric Autoimmune Neuropsychiatric Disorder Associated with Streptococcus (PANDAS) if it is a strep infection, or Pediatric Acute-Onset Neuropsychiatric Syndrome (PANS) if it is any other infection. (Throat infection)
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Bioligical
Brain studies have shown different bloodflow pattern among people with OCD compared with control groups.However these were only found consistently into orbital gyrusAnd the head of the caudate nucleus
However, Brain scans are very sensitive to different patterns of activity in the brain and for example detect a difference in terms of the way the brain reacts between expert musicians listening to music and people with no special knowledge of music
chemical imbalance
The serotonin deficiency theory is also not proven , however it It’s worth noting that relapse is frequently associated with the withdrawal of SSRI medications in OCD, more so than in other conditions, especially where no behavioural therapy is in place, which is yet to be fully understood. This could mean that serotonin is an important neurotransmitter involved in the maintenance of OCD, if not a specific cause.
Overall, there is a place for SSRIs in the treatment of OCD, especially where co-morbidity is present, provided that medication remains part of informed patient choice, and combined with psychological therapy like CBT.
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behavoural
Sufferers have developed avoidance behaviours such as checking and washing which prevents the extinction of anxiety. This leads to the behavioural treatment known as ERP, in which the responseAnd be helped to prevent avoidance and escapeResponses.
Behavioural theory identified the rutaals are a form of avoidance. This was supported in experiments which demonstrated that when a ritual is provoked, discomfort and reg urge to ritualise sponatniously subside then no ritual (compulsion) is performed
An important contribution to the development of ERP was the observation that the occurrence of obsessions leads to an increase in anxiety, and that the compulsions lead to its subsequent attenuation. When the compulsions were delayed or prevented, people with OCD experienced a spontaneous decay in anxiety and the urges to perform compulsions. Continued practice led to the extinction of anxiety. The ‘spontaneous decay experiments’ that demonstrated this were crucial both for therapists and patients to be confident that, if they confronted their fears, anxiety and discomfort would diminish and ultimately disappear.
cognitive
According to the cognitive model of OCD, everyone experiences intrusive thoughts from time-to-time. However, people with OCD often have an inflated sense of responsibility and misinterpret these thoughts as being very important and significant which could lead to catastrophic consequences.
The repeated misinterpretation of intrusive thoughts leads to the development of the obsessions and because the thoughts are so distressing, the individual engages in compulsive behaviour to try to resist, block, or neutralise the obsessive thoughts.
IN cognitive theory the Interpenetration interpretation made about in a clearance order content of an intrusion is far more importantThenWhether it's a normal intrusion orAnd obsessional intrusionAnd alsoHow frequent of this trusion happens.
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deression
Depression is also sometimes thought to cause OCD, although without question depression will make OCD symptoms worse, the majority of experts believe that depression is often a consequence of OCD rather than a cause.