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The Cold War (Detente (Geneva Agreements, 1954: USA, USSR and China divide…
The Cold War
Detente
Geneva Agreements, 1954: USA, USSR and China divide Vietnam into North (Communist) and South (Democratic).
Australian State Treaty, 1955: Australia declared a neutral state with the withdrawal of foreign troops.
Geneva Conference, 1955: tried unsuccessfully to reach an agreement about the future of the two Germanies
Paris Summit, 1960: discussed the problems regarding Est Germany and the question of disarmament; broke down when Khruschev left the conference after the shooting down of a US spy plane while over the USSR
Nuclear Test Ban Agreement, 1963: prohibited the nuclear tests in space, in the atmosphere and underwater.
Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty, 1968: the USA, USSR and Britain agreed to exclude other states from having nuclear weapons. France, China, South Africa and Israel states of which had nuclear weapons refused to sign this treaty
Non-Aggression Pact, 1970: USA signs with Poland and USSR
SALT I (Strategic Arms Limitations Treaty), 1972: Sea-Bed Treaty banned nuclear explosions underwater and Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty banned the construction of land missile launchers.
Helsinki Summit, 1975: 35 European states, Canada, US and USSR recognise the borders of 1945 and the guarantee of human rights in Easter Europe.
Handshake in space, 1975: Russian and US astronauts shake hands over West Germany; brings superpowers closer
SALT II, 1979: confired SALT I
Reykjavik Summit, 1986: superpowers agreed to elimate all medium-range missiles from Europe over 10 years
Baruch Plan, 1946: aimed to set up international control of nuclear energy.
The Effects of WWII
Vast areas of cultivated land, cities and industrial centres destroyed.
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Germany occupied the Allies and divided into 4 zones (France, Britain, US, USSR)
New inventions (jet engine, radar, atomic bomb, computer)
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Western European nations, US and Canada set up NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organisation); USSR declare East Germany a sovereign state
Britain, France and the US declare West Germany a sovereign state and democratically elect a German government with Konrad Adenauer as Chancellor
Berlin Airlift - Britain and US supply West Berlin with fuel, medicine and victuals via air transport.
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USSR responds to Marshall Aid and Truman Doctrine by creating Cominform and tightens its control on Czechoslovakia.
Establishment of a West German State led the USSR to ban all rail traffic, water and electricity supply between Berlin and West Germany.
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Berlin Wall
The Berlin Wall was a fortified wall surrounding West Berlin, built in 1961 and maintained by the German Democratic Republic (GDR - East Germany) until 1989. It was a symbol of the Cold War.
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Between 1949 and 1961, 2.7 million people fled East Germany hoping to find better opportunities and greater political freedom. This flight was depleting the country's labour force.
In the summer of 1989, the wall lost its purpose when Hungary allowed East Germans to pass through it when going to Austria or West Germany.
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August 13, 1961: barbed wire surrounds East Berlin.
Cuban Missile Crisis
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The Thirteen Days
Mon 15th - Defence experts conclude that a number of Soviet medium-range missile launchers were being built in Cuba.
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Sun 21st - Experts tell Kennedy that there was no guarantee that all Soviet launchers could be destroyed by a single American attack. Kennedy, therefore, ruled out the option of a first strike.
Mon 22nd - Kennedy made a live broadcast on TV where he announced that Cuba would be ‘blockaded until the Soviet Union removed its missiles. All US and Soviet military bases around the world went on maximum alert.
Wed 24th - The blockade around Cuba came into force in the early morning. While 25 Soviet ships en route to Cuba, at 10.25 am the Soviet ships stopped dead in mid-Atlantic.
Fri 25th - Soviet leader Khrushchev hinting that he was ready to remove the missiles if America removed its missiles from Turkey and promised not to invade Cuba.
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Sat 26th - Robert Kennedy suggested to President Kennedy to reply to the first Soviet message and ignore the second more aggressive one. The US would promise not to invade Cuba but before removing its missiles from Turkey it had to consult her NATO allies. In return, Soviet missiles would be removed from Cuba.
Sun 27th - Radio Moscow announced that the nuclear weapons in Cuba would be removed. Secretly, the US and the USSR agreed to resolve the missiles in Turkey, so long as the Soviets did not discuss it publicly. Six months later, the US missiles in Turkey were removed. World War III had been narrowly avoided.
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US organised Bay of Pigs, which failed catastrophically.
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The leaders of britain, america and the soviet union me t on 2 separate occasions: at yalta and at potsdam.
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