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Blood (Fluid Connective Tissue) (Functions (Transportation (Dissolved…
Blood (Fluid Connective Tissue)
Functions
Transportation
Dissolved Gases
Nutrients
Hormones
Metabolic Wastes
Regulation of Ph and Ion composition
Restriction of fluid loss at injury sites
Clotting
Defence against toxins and pathogens
Stabilisation of Body Temperature
Composed of
Matrix
Plasma proteins
Properties
Slightly denser than water
Plasma proteins within solution
Are unable to cross capillary walls (TO LARGE)
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Types
Albumins
Functions
Osmotic Pressure
Transport
Globulins
Antibodies
Transport Globulins
Fibrinogen
Blood Clotting
Formed Elements (Cells)
Types
Erythrocytes (RBCs)
Ratio is 1(WBC):1000(RBC)
Volume of packed RBCs (VPRC)
Leukocytes (WBCs)
Platelets (Cell fragments)
Haematocrit (Amount of blood that's formed cells)
Approximately
Males (46%)
Females (42%)
Packed cell Volume (PCV)
ABO Blood Types
Components
Surface antigens
Location
Plasma Membrane
Function
Enable immune system to recognise antigens as
Self
Foreign
3 Major types
A
B
Rh
Antibodies
Function
Protect Body from foreign cells
How Determine "self" or "foreign"
Absence or presence of surface antigens
Types
Type A
Surface Antigen
A only
Antibodies
Anti-B in plasma
Type B
Surface Antigen
B only
Antibodies
Anti-A in plasma
Type AB
Both Surface Antigen
A
B
Antibodies
Neither Anti-A
In Plasma
Nor Anti-B
Type O
Neither Surface Antigen
A or B
Antibodies
Both Anti-A
In Plasma
And Anti-B
Can be
Rh+
Indicates
presence
of surface antigen on RBCs
Rh-
Indicates
absence
of surface antigen on RBCs
Relative Diseases
Haemolytic diseases
Results
Dangerous anemia
High levels of bilirubin production
produces Jaundice
Without treatment
Death
will occur
Occurs when
fetal and maternal blood mix at delivery
Threating Miscarriage
Amniocentesis
Antepartum Haemorrhage
Risks
Mothers immune system
sensatised
causing formation of anti-Rh antibodies
If mother has another Rh-Positive Fetus, antibodies could cross placenta to attack fetus
Haemolyse
Treatments
Administer anti-D antibodies to mother during pregnancy
Post delivery destroy fetal RBCs that enter maternal circulation
Therefore
No Sensitisation
No antibodies
No risk
Cross Reactions during Blood Transfusion
Plasma Antibodies meet surface antigen
RBCs Agglutinate (Clump)
Can blood small blood vessels
Haemolyse (rupture)
Testing
Determining blood type
Determining Mixing
Haemostasis
Description
Cessation of Bleeding
Framework for tissue repair
Three Phases
1
Vascular Phase
Changes to endothelial cells (at injury site)
2
Releases chemical factors and local hormones
3
Endothelial plasma membranes become sticky
1
Contraction exposes Basal lamina to blood stream
General Overview
Once Blood vessel is cut smooth muscle contracts (Vascular Spasm)
Lasts 30min
2
Platelet Phase
Platelets attach to
Sticky endothelial surfaces
Basal lamina
Exposed collagen fibres
Platelets then preform
Platelet adhesion
Platelets attaching to exposed surfaces
Forms
platelet plug
Platelet Aggregation
Platelets stick to each other (15sec after injury)
3
Coagulation Phase
Blood Clutting
Circulating Fibrinogen is Converted into fibrin
Fibrin Network covers
platelet plug
which forms blood clot (30sec after injury)
Blood Pressure
Description
The pressure exerted by blood on the walls of the blood vessels that contain it
Types of blood pressure
Systolic blood pressure (SBP)
peak pressure in the arteries during cardiac systole
Diastolic blood pressure (DBP)
minimum pressure in the arteries during cardiac diastole
Pulse pressure
difference between SBP and DBP
Mean arterial pressure (MAP)
an estimate of the average blood pressure
Affected By
Vascular pressure gradients
pressure difference between the ends of a blood vessel
Vascular resistance
force that opposes the movement of blood through a vessel
Blood flow and velocity
volume and speed blood flows through a vessel
Venous return
amount of blood arriving at the right atrium each minute
Cardiac output and Heart rate
Baroreceptors
stimulated by changes in pressure
Chemoreceptors
stimulated by changes in checmicals
Vasomotor centre
controls blood vessel diametre
Autoregulation
local adjustment of blood flow (vasodilation)
