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BIO SCI 102 (plant structure& function (structural modifications…

- - - - sum
    - - irreversible
    - - fundamental autonomous unit
    - - group of cells
    - - functional unit
  - - - collenchyma
      - scerenchyma
      - parenchyma
  - - - specialisation of cells& tissues for particular functions
    - - production of new organs
  - - - stem cells in animals
      - totipotency in plants
    - - cell wall
      - fixed position
  - - - cortex
        
        outer layers of stem/ root
      - mesophyll
        
        leaf tissue
      - pith
        
        centre of stem/ root
    - - xylem
        
        water, minerals
      - phloem
        
        sugars& signal molecules
  - - - photosynthesis
      - scaffolding
      - reproduction
    - - transport& communication
      - storage
      - absorption
  - - - group of cells that produces new growth
    - - primary meristems
        
        shoot& root apical meristems
        
        ground meristem
        
        ground tissues
        
        procambium
        
        xylem, phloem
        
        protoderm
        
        epidermis
      - secondary meristems
        
        vascular cambium
        
        xylem, phloem
        
        cork cambium
        
        periderm
  - - - SAM
    - - phytomers
        
        internode
        
        leaf
        
        petiole
        
        lamina
        
        stipules
        
        node
        
        axillary bud
  - - - arise from an unusual position
    - - mat of strong, thin, adventitious roots from the base of monocot stems
    - - primary root (form from the radicle)
      - lateral roots (form from branches)
- - - - biotic
        
        touch
      - abiotic
        
        temperature
  - - - cork cambium
        
        cork (outside) - dead
        
        periderm
        
        phelloderm (inside) living
      - vascular cambium
    - - bark (C& V)
        
        trunks: bark = phloem+periderm
        
        roots: bark = phloem+periderm
      - wood (V)
  - - - high lignin
      - vessels+tracheids
      - angiosperm trees
    - - low lignin
      - tracheids
      - gymnosperms
- - - - resistance
    - - lots
        
        slow
      - little
        
        rapid
  - - - tap root
        
        fibrous adventitious
    - - radicle
        
        tap root
        
        lateral roots
  - - - long& short
      - vertical& horizontal
    - - RAM (division zone)
        
        characterisitcs
        
        dense cytoplasm
        
        large nuclei
        
        small cells
        
        acts as cell initials
        
        source of all root ground tissues
      - elongation zone
        
        only few millimetres long
        
        responsible for all growth of the root
        
        immediately behind apical meristem
      - rootcap
        
        protect RAM
        
        assists in penetration
        
        force apart soil
        
        remain constant size
      - maturation zone
        
        region of cell differentiation
        
        zone that lateral roots & root hairs first appear
  - - - via cell walls
      - prevented by casparian strip
    - - via plasmodesmata
- - - - large air spaces in aquatic plants
    - - companion cells
      - albuminous cells
    - - vacuolated
      - living cells
      - thin-walled
    - - Pr&lipid bodies
      - mucilage in idioblasts
      - starch grains
      - wall ingrowths in transfer cells
  - - - support young growing organs
    - - strengthen& support plant parts no longer elongating
    - - respiration
      - storage
      - photosynthesis
  - - - fibres
        
        long, narrow cells
        
        extremely strong
        
        in bundles/ cylinder(especially near xylem)
        
        eg. cotton fibre
        
        protect the seed
        
        aid in seed dispersal
        
        from epidermis
      - sclereids (stone cells)
        
        variable in shape
        
        hard cell walls
    - - dead cells with lignified secondary cell walls
      - mature cells cannot elongate
      - provide structural support
- - - - undivided (may deeply lobed)
    - - divided into leaflets
  - - - sheath surrounds the stem
      - no petiole
      - parallel venation
    - - netted venation
  - - - alternate
      - opposite
      - spiral
      - decussate
      - whorled
  - - - reduce wilting injury
    - - optimise light use
    - - reduce transpiration
    - - lower temperature
    - - reduce water loss
    - - avoid intense sunlight
    - - reflects sunlight
- - - - land plants
        
        vascular plants
        
        extant seed plants
        
        ygmnosperms
        
        anglosperms
        
        seedless vascular plants
        
        monilophytes
        
        lycophytes
        
        nonvascular plants (bryophytes)
        
        mosses
        
        hornworts
        
        liverworts
    - - closest group of organisms ancestral to all terrestrial plants
      - based on subcellular characteristics
        
        same green pigments
        
        same type of flagellate cells (water needing)
        
        common pattern of life cycle with an alternation
        
        same system to synthesis cellulose
  - - - sexual
      - asexual
    - - gametophyte (n) - mitosis
      - sporophyte (2n) - meiosis
- - - - characteristics
        
        grow in wet/damp terrestrial sites (can also be aquatic)
        
        gametophyte (simple morphology)
        
        most ancient group of land plants
        
        sperm are free swimming, flagellate and need water to fertilise the egg
      - 3 groups (10% in NZ)
        
        hornworts (anthocerophyta) - smallest
        
        liverworts (hepatophyta)
        
        thalloid
        
        eg1. monoclea forsteri (largest)
        
        eg2. marchantia
        
        gemmae cups
        
        a form of asexual reproduction
        
        leafy
        
        mosses (bryophyta)
      - moss
        
        structure
        
        sporophyte
        
        capsule
        
        lid dry out when mature/ fall off
        
        reveal the peristome
        
        sensitive to humidiity
        
        helps in spore discharge
        
        causes it open&close
        
        seta
        
        gametophte
        
        examples (in NZ)
        
        sphagnum cristaum
        
        umbrella mosses
        
        differences to liverworts
        
        structure
        
        liverworts (leafy)
        
        leaves lobed and without a midrib
        
        leaves inserted in 2 rows
        
        seta colorless
        
        moss
        
        seta colored
        
        leaves never lobed and often have a midrinb
        
        leaves inserted in more than 3 rows
        
        spore dispersal
        
        liverworts
        
        elaters
        
        moss
        
        peristome teeth
    - - comparing with brypohytes
        
        fern
        
        same
        
        homosporous
        
        free-living gametophyte phase& flagellate male gametes
        
        difference
        
        sporophyte
        
        both sporophyte& gametophyte are free living
        
        bryophytes
        
        same
        
        homosporous
        
        free-living gametophyte phase& flagellate male gametes
        
        difference
        
        gametophyte
        
        only gametophyte are free living
      - life cycle
        
        spores
        
        all the same = homosporus
        
        sperm are multi-flagellate
        
        swim from antheridium to archegonium (egg)
        
        germinate in warm, moist conditions
        
        prothallus
        
        example of free-living gametophyte
        
        = bryophyte plant
        
        heart-shaped
      - characteristics
        
        4 classes
        
        equisetopside
        
        marattiopsida
        
        psilopsida
        
        polypodiopsida
        
        grow in damp areas
        
        shade loving
        
        frond (leaf)
        
        undivided
        
        divided
        
        young leaves uncurl as they grow
        
        epiphyte on trees
        
        also can be tree-like (eg. cyathea dealbata)
  - - - female cones on higher branches& larger than male ones
      - sperm nucleus has NO flagella
    - - ginkgophyta
      - cycadophyta
      - pinophyta
      - gnetophyta
  - - - unifying
        
        fruit
        
        life cycle "Double Fertilisation"
        
        flower
        
        4 origans
        
        stamens
        
        petals
        
        carpels (inside)
        
        sepals (outside)
        
        genetics control organ identity
        
        agamous mutant
        
        petals
        
        carpel
        
        stamens
        
        new flower
      - symmetry
        
        actunomorphic
        
        radial symmetry
        
        divided into 2 equal parts
        
        zygomorphic
        
        bilateral symmetry
        
        divided into 2 equal parts
      - APG
        
        monocots
        
        eudicots
        
        basal angiosperms
    - - pollen
        
        puha
        
        spiny
        
        grass
        
        smooth
    - - seed dispersal
        
        wind
        
        animal& humans
        
        water
        
        bursting
      - seed germination
        
        imbibition
        
        absorption of water
        
        mobilisation of food reserves
        
        enzyme activity digests endosperm
        
        starch to sugar
        
        2 patterns
        
        epigeous
        
        above ground
        
        hypogeous
        
        remain in the soil
      - seed development
        
        phytohormones
        
        defence& stress responses
        
        fruit ripening (ethylene)
  - - - gymnosperm
      - angiosperm
    - - angiosperm
    - - gymnosperm
      - angiosperm
      - fern
    - - bryophyte
    - - bryophyte
      - fern
    - - gymnosperm
      - angiosperm
      - fern
    - - bryophyte
      - fern
    - - gymnosperm
      - angiosperm
- - - - fabaceae (eudicot)
        
        provide Pr
      - paeceae (monocot)
        
        provide carbohydrate
    - - genetically differentiated
        
        usually genetically uniform
      - specialised habitats with reduced competition
  - - - not take place in hermaphrodite flowers
        
        dichogamy
        
        male first
        
        protandry
        
        female first
        
        protogyny
        
        self-incompatibility (SI)
        
        common in angiosperm& fungi
        
        classify
        
        heteromorphic SI (flower morphology)
        
        heterostyly
        
        pin
        
        1 more item...
        
        thrum
        
        1 more item...
        
        stigma surface
        
        pin
        
        1 more item...
        
        thrum
        
        1 more item...
        
        homomorphic SI (breeding behaviour)
        
        gametophytic
        
        genotype of pollen
        
        sporophytic
        
        parent plant
      - separating the sexes into different flowers
        
        monoecism
        
        dioecism
        
        rare
        
        sessile
        
        only 50% will produce seed
- - - - self-fertilisation inbreeding
        
        homo zygotes; 'Trues Breeding'
    - - vegetative/ asexual reproduction seeds without sex
    - - cross-fertilisation outbreeding
        
        hetero zygotic; high genetic variation
  - - - self-pollination
        
        same flower
      - cross-pollination
        
        same species
    - - abiotic
        
        wind, water
      - biotic
        
        animals, insects
    - - insect-pollinated species is sticky
      - wind-pollinated species is lightweight, small and smooth (10%)
      - shape related to method
    - - coevolution
      - characteristics
        
        nectar production
        
        sticky pollen/stigmas
        
        conspicuous
      - animal pollinatiors
        
        butterfly
        
        red& orange
        
        moth
        
        white& pale; sweet, strong odour (night pollination)
        
        bee
        
        yellow& blue
        
        flies& beetles
        
        strong odour; dull in color
        
        birds
        
        yellow& red; little odour
        
        bats& mice
        
        white (night)
      - mimicry
- - - - gas exchange
      - leaf temperature
      - water loss
    - - epidermal cells
      - stomatal& subsidiary cells
      - cuticle
        
        cuticle proper
        
        cutins - fatty acid
        
        pectin-rich layer
        
        polysaccharides
        
        epicuticular wax
        
        smooth, granular, ridged
        
        xerophytes
        
        thick cuticles, heavy wax layers
        
        cooling
        
        water repellence
      - trichomes
        
        scales
        
        root hairs
        
        facilitate water& mineral uptake
        
        hairs
        
        branched, unbranched, star-shaped
        
        variability
        
        glandular/ non-glandular
        
        functional when dead/ alive
        
        single cell/ muticellular
        
        functions
        
        lower leaf temperature
        
        decrease water loss
        
        reflect solar radiation
        
        secrete salt
        
        trap
  - - - rhizodermis
        
        protoderm
    - - epidermis
        
        guard cells
        
        lower
        
        upper
        
        pavement cells (lack chlorophyll)
      - epidermal cells divide anticlinally
      - stomata
        
        contain chloroplasts
        
        located
        
        monocots
        
        rows
        
        dicots
        
        regularly spaced
        
        function
        
        control water loss
        
        allow
        
        entry of CO2
        
        exit of O2
        
        pore diameter controlled by
        
        CO2 level
        
        humidity
        
        water stress
        
        temerature
        
        wind
- - - - source to sink
        
        a sugar source
        
        a sugar sink
      - 3 cell types
        
        sclerenchyma/ fibres
        
        support
        
        paraenchyma
        
        off-loading, storage
        
        sieve elements
        
        food conduction
        
        living cells with no nucleus
        
        primary cell wall
        
        2 types
        
        sieve cells
        
        eg. abluminous cell
        
        sieve tube members
        
        eg. companion cells
      - functions
        
        major signalling superhighway
        
        osmotic pressure drives flow
        
        principal food-conducting tissue (sucrose)
        
        links all other cells
    - - 3 cell types
        
        sclerenchyma/ fibres
        
        support& storage(sometimes)
        
        parenchyma
        
        storage
        
        tracheary elements
        
        function
        
        water conduction
        
        form
        
        first = protoxylem
        
        later = metaxylem
        
        characteristics
        
        lignified secondary cell walls
        
        confer strength& rigidity
        
        long, narrow, dead cells
        
        2 types
        
        tracheids (all vascular plants)
        
        side way; transport faster
        
        vessels (angiosperms)
      - functions
        
        transpiration of water&minerals
        
        adhesion
        
        cohesion
        
        pushing xylem sap: root pressure
        
        at night mineral ion pumping in& water potential getting lower
        
        water flows in from root cortex
        
        store food
      - perforations
        
        embolism
        
        break the cohesion
        
        hot, windy weather
        
        rapid transpiration (efficient)
      - characteristics
        
        close stomata
        
        root pressure
        
        grow in spring