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Photosynthesis (Environmental and Internal Factors (Crassulacean Acid…

- - - - colors of wavelength
    - - light intensity
      - more light on sunny days then cloudy
      - where they grow
        
        near or away from equator
        
        in the shadows
      - shape and organization of plant
      - time of day
    - - number of hours per day sunlight is available
        
        equator
        
        12 hour long days
        
        poles
        
        longer days in midsummer
        
        night only in midwinter
        
        to much light
        
        greater amounts of photosynthesis
        
        starch fills chloroplasts and photosynthesis completely stops
        
        photosynthesis energy exceeds that consumed by respiration and growth
  - - - temperate and tropical
        
        palisade parenchyma
        
        spongy mesophyll
      - hot dry climates
        
        leaf cells packed together
        
        no intercellular spaces
        
        difficult to dissolve CO2
        
        slows growth
    - - cylindrical leaves
        
        few stomata open
        
        CO2 absorption slowed
  - - - stomata open
        
        CO2 in
        
        H2O out
    - - stomata closed
      - retains water
      - no CO2 in
        
        CO2 produced from respiration used photosynthetically
  - - - transported
      - concentrated
    - - kept away from RuBP carboxylaze
    - - chlorophyllous sheath of cells surrounded by mesophyll cells
      - mesophyll cells contain PEP carboxylase
        
        high CO2 affinity
        
        strong bond
        
        never picks up O2
        
        produces oxaloacetate
        
        reduced to malate by NADPH
        
        pyruvate produced
        
        moved back to mesophyll
        
        receives phosphate from ATP
        
        converted bacPEP
      - cyclic electron transport
        
        bundle sheath chloroplasts
        
        pumping protons to make ATP
    - - corn
      - sugarcane
      - sorghum
  - - - succulent leaves
    - - PEP carboxylated
      - oxaloacetate produced
      - malate reduced to other acids
    - - stomata closed during hottest parts of the day
      - open at night when its cool
        
        allows H2O diffusion
        
        causes problem for photosynthesis
        
        plant can not store ATP or NADPH at night
        
        solution
        
        CO2 stored on acids till day time
        
        malate or other acids broken down
        
        release CO2 for C3 metabolism
    - - selectively advantageous
        
        hot, dry climates
        
        survival more important then growth
      - not selectively advantageous
        
        moister, milder climates
    - - cactus family
      - orchids
      - bromeliads
      - lilies
      - euphorbias
- - - - able to absorb lots of H2O and CO2
      - able to store lots of carbohydrates
  - - - 350nm to 760nm of radiation used
      - visible light
    - - stroma reactions
        
        react with CO2
        
        produce carbohydrates
    - - material that absorbs certain wavelengths
        
        transfer absorbed energy to electrons
        
        chemical reactions
      - picks up distinctive color
        
        melanin
        
        in our skin
        
        protect us by absorbing light
        
        flowers, fruits, and animals
        
        protection
        
        attraction of mates or pollinators
        
        camouflage
      - capture 5% of energy available
        
        chlorophyll a
        
        absorbs only red and blue light
        
        accessory pigments
        
        used to absorb other wavelengths
        
        pass energy onto chlorophyll a
        
        types
        
        chlorophyll b
        
        2 more items...
        
        carotenoids
        
        2 more items...
        
        double bonds interacting with single
        
        visible light
        
        activates electron
        
        high energy
        
        chemical reactions
        
        not used it returns to ground state
        
        releases light
        
        fluorescence
        
        molecule
        
        ground to excited state
        
        essential photosynthetic pigment in
        
        plants
        
        algae
        
        cyanobacteria
        
        unaltered for 3 billion years
      - held in place by proteins
        
        light-harvesting complex proteins
        
        thylakoid membranes
        
        antenna complex
        
        chlorophylls + carotenoids + proteins
        
        transfer energy to reaction center
        
        special chlorophyll a molecules
        
        can donate electrons to acceptor
      - photosynthetic units
        
        all carriers and pigments working together
        
        packed in granules of thylakoids
        
        contain reaction center and antenna complex
        
        types
        
        photosystem I
        
        little chlorophyll b
        
        absorb red light of 700 nm
        
        P700
        
        photosystem II
        
        chlorophyll b levels = to a levels
        
        reduces P700
        
        works backward from photosystem I
        
        P680
        
        passes to ETC
        
        1 more item...
    - - CO2 converted to carbohydrate
      - Calvin/Benson Cycle
      - occur in stroma
      - RuBP
        
        reacts with CO2
        
        forms PGA molecule
        
        ATP added
        
        1,3-diphosphogylcerate
        
        reduced by NADPH
        
        2 more items...
  - - - rearranged and altered to form more complex molecules
        
        anabolism
        
        anabolic pathways
        
        synthetic pathways of polysaccharides and fats
        
        storing energy
        
        glucose and fructose
        
        short term
        
        anabolic synthesis
        
        1 more item...
        
        starch
        
        long term
        
        amylose and amylopectin components
        
        2 more items...
        
        stored in chloroplasts and amyloplasts
- - - - sun's light energy captured by pigments
        
        highly energetic
        
        large molecules
        
        make smaller intermediates
        
        ATP
        
        photophosphorylation
        
        only plants with the right pigments and organelles
        
        consumed for high energy compounds
        
        ADP to ATP
        
        2 more items...
        
        occurs in chloroplast with light
      - light energy to chemical
      - Photoautotrophs
        
        energy from light
        
        small in organic molecules assimilated to own tissues
  - - - oxidized compounds
        
        carbon dioxide
        
        sulfate
        
        nitrate
      - Oxidized
        
        loses of electrons
        
        mainly contain oxygen
        
        compounds in the environment
      - Reduced
        
        gain of electrons
        
        mainly contain hydrogen
        
        compounds in organisms
    - - important to plants
        
        take in H20 and CO2
        
        converted into compounds
        
        carbohydrates
        
        fats
        
        highly oxidized compounds
        
        eaten by heterotrophs
        
        gain reduced compounds
        
        reducing power less important
      - Electrons
        
        moving and handling
        
        added to small and mobile molecules
        
        NAD+
        
        Reduced to NADH
        
        reducing agent
        
        oxidizing agent
        
        NAP+
        
        Reduced to NADPH
        
        reducing agent
        
        oxidizing agent
        
        molecules are recycled
  - - - contain a cofactor heme group
        
        iron atom
        
        carries electrons
        
        recycles between +2 and +3 oxidation states
      - intrinsic membrane proteins
        
        integral part of thylakoids
      - carry electrons between closely related sites
        
        do not diffuse through stroma
    - - transport electrons over a short distance
      - pick up 2 electrons and bind 2 protons
        
        long hydrocarbon tail
        
        hydrophobic
        
        dissolve into lipid component of chloroplasts
    - - small protein
      - carries electrons on a metal atom
        
        copper used
        
        reduced +1
        
        oxidized to +2
      - loosely associated with chloroplast
        
        travels along surface
        
        does not travel far