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Ch 4. ECOLOGY (4.1 Species, communities and ecosystems (Consumers: …

- - - - Autotrophic:
        
        Self-feeding
        
        Some organisms make their own carbon compounds from other organisms.
      - Heterotrophic:
        
        Feeding on others
        
        Some organisms obtain their carbon compounds from other organisms
      - Some unicellular organisms use both methods of nutrition.
        For example: - Euglena gracilis has chloroplasts and carries out photosynthesis when there is sufficient light. - However, it can also feed on detritus or smaller organisms by endocytosis.
      - Mixotrophic:
        Organisms that are not exclusively autotrophic or heterotrophic.
  - - - This dead organic matter rarely accumulates in ecosystems and instead is used as a source of nutrition by two groups of heterotroph - detritivores and saprotrophs
        
        Detritivores ingest dead organic matter and then digest it internally and absorb the products of digestion.
      - Large multicellular detritivores such as earthworms ingest the dead matter into their gut.
        
        Unicellular organisms ingest it into food vacuoles.
        
        The larvae of dung beetles feed by ingestion of faeces rolled into a ball by their parents.
- - - - PHOTOAUTOTROPHY
        (photosynthesis)
        Green plants, phytoplankton and algae
      - CHEMOAUTOTROPHY
        (chemosynthesis)
        Deep-sea chemosynthetic bacteria
  - - - Primary eat producers
        (Herbivores)
      - Secondary eat other consumers
        (Carnivores, omnivores)
    - - Detritivores
        Ingest non-living organic mater
        (earthworms, woodlice)
      - Saprotrophs
        lives in or on non-living organic matter, secreting digestive enzymes into it and absorbing digestive products.
        (bacteria and fungi)
- - - - Structural:
        Physical features of an organism, like body shape, spines, appendages, etc.
      - Functional:
        Physiological features which allow survival for example ability to regulate their bodily functions (e.g. breathing and temperature) and perform special functions like excreting chemicals as a defence mechanism.
      - Behavioural:
        The things organisms do to survive, for example, schooling, courtship, migrations
  - - - Biorhythms and activity patters, e.g. nocturnal
      - Locomotion (or movement)
      - Defence of resources
      - Predator avoidance
      - Reproduction
      - Feeding
    - - Regulating salt intake
      - Obtaining oxygen
      - Adapting to water pressure
      - Dealing with wind, waves and changing temperatures
      - Getting enough sunlight