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Others: Rational Influences (Relationship development in adolescence…
Others: Rational Influences
Types of relationships/behaviour
Pro-social
Selfless behaviour that is positively valued by society and is carried out to help another person with little regard for one's self-interest
Why do people act in pro-social ways?
Biological basis of behaviour
People are born with some innate, instinctive tendency to help others
Learned behaviour
Helping others is an expected norm in society
Dependent on empathy
Empathising with others allows an emotional response which propels us to act on those emotions
What stops people from acting in a pro-social way?
Personal variables
A lack of empathy or ability to identify with someone
Situational variables
Location, noticing and interpreting the situation, and the way the situation is determined
Social variables
The bystander effect: when several people are present they believe another will act and therefore they do not need to take responsibly
Anti-social
Selfish behaviour that is negatively valued by society and causes harm to another or results in a rewards for the person involved
Why do people act in anti-social ways?
Biological basis
The role of the amygdala (the part of the brain that controls emotional regulation) in aggression
Learned bases
Can be learnt through: social norms, direct teaching by the parents, observation of aggression and direct reinforcement
Attributions and personality
The link between personality traits/variables and aggression
The role of video games
Exposure to violent video games increases aggressive thoughts, behaviours and feelings
Determinants of liking
Proximity
The closeness one is to others
Three factors linked to physical closeness
Becoming familiar with the person
Means you are comfortable in their company and are learning more about them
Having the person available
As they live close by there is repeated interaction
Continued social interaction
Expectation of continued interaction means you see them much more often
Living close by is a major factor in the development of friendships and longer term relationships
Similarity
The degree of shared views, beliefs, attitudes and likes
If someone expressed an attitude that we share, we are more likely to be fond or like that person
The more similarities, the more the person is liked
Reciprocity
To do to others what they have done for you
If people help us, we should help them
People who have been helped by others are more likely to help
Relationship development in adolescence
Move away from the strong relationship with their parents- develop relationships with peers
Form peer groups with whom they identify and relate to
Peer groups can be described at three levels:
Dyads
pairs of close friends or lovers
Cliques
small groups who interact frequently
Crowds
Larger groups of adolescents with similar identifies or interests
Dunphy's research (1963)
Dunphy engaged in participant observation
Followed up contacts with young people in various social settings
Made observations about the structure and function of groups of young people
Stages of the formation of adolescence groups
Stage 1
Cliques formed
Small groups, same sex, isolated from the others, requires conformity
Stage 2
Crowds formed
Unisex cliques interact to form a crowd
Stage 3
Forming heterosexual cliques
Changes is the structure, reflects the start of the process of dating
Stage 4
Fully developed crowd
Composed of a number of couples in close association with one another
Stage 5
Couples
Couples begin to go their own way