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Others: Communication (Non-Nerbal Communication (Conveying a message…

- - - - Where thoughts, intentions, or feeling are expressed by physical behaviours, such as posture, eye movement and use of space
    - - a movement of part of the body (generally limbs) to express an idea or meaning
    - - Edward T Hall (1966)
        
        Four levels of interpersonal space of 'distance zones'
        
        Intimate
        
        Close relationships such as family or lovers
        
        Personal
        
        Friendships and extended family like aunties and uncles
        
        Social
        
        Functional relationships like teacher and student
        
        Public
        
        Strangers in public spaces
      - The distance we are comfortable with depends in part on how well you know the person
    - - By staring, frowning, glaring or smiling we can express interest or lack of it, annoyance, anger or warmth
      - The three main parts of the face used for expressions are the eyes, eyebrows and mouth
    - - The section of the brain that gets information from the nose is closely linked to the section that is involved with memory and emotion
      - The earliest form of communication for humans is touch
- - - - When the listener attempts to understand as clearly as possible what the speaker is saying
        
        Attributes of an effective listener
        
        Someone who faces the speaker and maintains eye contact
        
        Someone who pays attention and screens out distractions
        
        Someone who listens to the words and works out the meaning of the message
        
        Someone who does not interrupt
        
        Someone who gives the speaker feedback
        
        Barriers for an effective listener
        
        Being distracted
        
        Only listening with 'half an ear'
        
        'Topping' the speaker
        
        Being judgemental
    - - Attempting to understand the perspective of the speaker and empathise with him or her
    - - Share ideas
      - Give feedback and support
      - Solve problems together
      - Share the decision-making responsibility
      - Even contribution to tasks
    - - Involves honestly expressing opinions and feelings in a way that does not infringe on the rights of others
        
        Three steps in assertive communication
        
        Saying something that shows you are trying to understand the other person's position
        
        Stating the problem by describing your dissatisfaction
        
        Making a specific statement about what you want to change
    - - Not being able to hear spoken and other sounds as well as a person with typically developed hearing
        
        Conductive hearing loss
        
        Caused by problems in the outer or middle ear
        
        Prevents sounds from being conducted to the inner ear and hearing nerves
        
        Affects volume and sound
        
        Usually medically or surgically treatable
        
        Results from infection
        
        Sensorineural hearing loss
        
        Caused by a problem with the cochlea or the hearing nerve
        
        In the inner ear
        
        Can be acquired through loud sounds, infections, accidents or be present at birth
        
        Methods of overcoming hearing impairments
        
        Auslan
        
        Sign language developed by people in Australia who are deaf to communicate with each other
        
        Cochlea implants
        
        Sounds are picked up by a microphone that is part of an externally worn processor. The sounds are converted to radio waves to an implant in the ear that sends electrical current to each electrode
    - - Drew attention to three ways we regulate and mark our social status as adults
        
        Shaking hands
        
        The way you extend your hand
        
        The way you apply pressure
        
        The length of time you shake the hand
        
        Terms of address
        
        Social relationships can be communicated through the use of title and last name and first name
        
        Politeness
        
        Depends on the social relationship between the people, their relative social status and other conventions