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Individual differences (Personality (Personality is the patterns of…
Individual differences
Personality
Personality is the patterns of thoughts and feelings and the way in which we interact with our environment and other people that make us a unique person
- Type A personality: Impatient, High levels of stress
- Type B personality: Relaxed, low levels of stress
Stable personality trait = Someone who does not swing from one emotion to another
Unstable or neurotic personality trait = A person who is highly anxious and has unpredictable emotions.
Introvert = A personality of someone who does not seek social situations and likes peace and quiet, but is good at concentrating.
Extrovert = A personality of someone who seeks social situations and likes excitement but lacks concentration.
Attitudes
Attitude = A predisposition to act in a particular way towards something or someone in a person's environment.
Reasons for bad attitude's towards exercise and sport:
- The person has had a bad experience of sport/exercise in the past.
- The person is not very good at sport.
- The person gets nervous in competitive situations.
- Stereotypes about certain genders playing certain sports
Ways to change attitudes towards sport and exercise:
- Give them a good, fun experience of sport/exercise.
- Show them other people like them who have achieved greatness e.g. a world cup winning female football if a girl feels as though football s a men's only game.
- Persuasive communication.
Motivation
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Extrinsic motivation = External factors that can be extremely powerful in determining whether we want to learn a particular skill and whether we want to perfect it.
Arousal
Arousal = The 'energised state' or the 'readiness for action' that motivates us to behave in a particular way.
Drive theory = When arousal increase, so does performance
Inverted U theory = Performance increases with arousal up to the optimal point of functioning. After that point if the performers arousal continues to increase, their performance will begin to decrease.
Catastrophe theory = Performance increases with arousal until the optimum point of functioning. After this point if the arousal continues to increase, there will be a sudden drop in performance. This performance can partially be earned back but never back to the level that it was originally at.
Anxiety
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Competitive trait anxiety = A tendency to perceive competitive situations as threatening and to respond to these situations with feelings of apprehension or tension.
Other types of anxiety include:
- Somatic anxiety
- Cognitive anxiety
Aggresion
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Catharsis = The release of frustration which leads to a feeling of well-being - literally 'cleansing the soul'.
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Social facilitation
Social facilitation = The positive influence of others, who may be watching or competing, on sports performance.
An example of social facilitation could be a football team playing at home and having the home crowd advantage. The fans would be cheering the players on all game, constantly motivating the players and giving them support and a reason to try their best.