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Tsan_Jelix_Block4_MM1 (Macromolecules (Carbohydrates (Function (Structural…

- - - - Building Blocks
        
        Amino Acids
        
        Carboxyl group
        
        Amino group
        
        Hydrogen Atom
        
        Alpha carbon
        
        R group (side chain)
        
        20 different side chains made 20 different amino acids, determine property
        
        Polar
        
        Cysteine (Cys)
        
        Tyrosine (Tyr)
        
        Threonine (Thr)
        
        Asparagine (Asn)
        
        Serine (Ser)
        
        Glutamine (Gln)
        
        Electrically charged
        
        Acidic
        
        2 more items...
        
        Basic
        
        3 more items...
        
        Nonpolar
        
        Isoleucine (Ile)
        
        Methionine (Met)
        
        Leucine (Leu)
        
        Phenylalanine (Phe)
        
        Valine (Val)
        
        Tryptophan (Trp)
        
        Alanine (Ala)
        
        Proline (Pro)
        
        Glycine (Gly)
      - Function
        
        Dependent on protein form (loses in denaturation)
        
        Can lose form by physical and chemical condicitons of protein's environment
        
        Enzymes
        
        Catalysts
        
        Structural support
        
        Storage
        
        Transport
        
        Cellular communications
        
        Movement
        
        Defense against foreign substances
        
        Chaperonins
      - Elements: CNOH
      - Structure
        
        Amino acids linked by peptide bonds (carboxyl of one acid to amino group of other)
        
        Secondary structure
        
        Coils and folds of the primary structure
        
        Caused by hydrogen bonds between repeating units of polypeptide backbone
        
        Alpha-helix
        
        Beta sheets
        
        Tertiary structure
        
        Overall shape of a polypeptide
        
        Caused by interactions between side chains of amino acids
        
        Hydrophobix interactions and van der Waals interactions
        
        Covalent bonds
        
        Hydrogen bonds
        
        Disulfide bridges
        
        Caused by oxidation-reduction reaction
        
        Quaternary structure
        
        Overall protein structure that comes from aggregation of polypeptide subunits
        
        Held together by side group interactions
        
        Hydrogen bonds
        
        Ionic bonds
        
        Van der Waals bonds
        
        Covalent bonds
        
        Primary structure
        
        Unique sequence of amino acids
        
        No functionality
  - - - Monosaccharides (simple sugars)
        
        Galactose
        
        Fructose
        
        NAglucosamine (contains nitrogen)
        
        Glucose
      - Disaccharides
        
        Lactose (glucose-galactose)
        
        Maltose (glucose-glucose)
        
        Sucrose (fructose-glucose)
    - - Short-term energy source
      - Used to synthesize other macromolecule monomers
      - Short-term energy storage
        
        Plant starches
        
        Amylose
        
        Helical polymers
        
        Unbranched polymers
        
        Alpha glucose monomers
        
        Amylopectin
        
        Helical polymers
        
        Branched polymers
        
        Alpha glucose monomers
        
        Animal glycogen
        
        Helical polymers
        
        Branched polymers
        
        Alpha glucose monomers
      - Structural support
        
        Chitin
        
        NAglucoseamine monomers
        
        Straight polymers linked by H-bonds
        
        Straight polymers
        
        Unbranched
        
        Arthropod and some fungi cell wall
        
        Hardens when combined with calcium carbonate
        
        Peptidoglycan
        
        Straight polymers
        
        Unbranched
        
        Straight polymers linked by covalent linked by peptide bonds between amino acids side chain
        
        Bacteria cell wall
        
        NAglucoseamine monomers with 4 amino acid side chain
        
        Cellulose
        
        Beta glucose monomers
        
        Straight polymers linked by H-bonds
        
        Plant cell wall
        
        Straight polymers
        
        Unbranched
  - - - Nucleotide monomers
        
        Phosphate group
        
        Ribose sugar
        
        Nitrogenous bases
        
        Purines
        
        Guanine
        
        Matches with Cytosine
        
        Adenine
        
        Matches with Uracil
        
        Pyradines
        
        Cytosine
        
        Matches with Guanine
        
        Uracil
        
        Matches with Adenine
      - Function
        
        Messenger RNA
        
        Carries DNA instruction of protein production to ribosome to produce protein
      - Elements: COHNP
      - Structure
        
        Single-stranded
        
        Nucleotides joined by covalent bonds called phosphodiester
    - - Nucleotide monomers
        
        Deoxyribose sugar
        
        Phosphate group
        
        Nitrogenous bases
        
        Purines
        
        Guanine
        
        Matches with Cytosine
        
        Adenine
        
        Matches with Thymine
        
        Pyrimidines
        
        Cytosine
        
        Matches with Guanine
        
        Thymine
        
        Matches with Adenine
      - Elements: COHNP
      - Function
        
        Provides directions for own replication
        
        Directs RNA synthesis through genes
      - Structure
        
        3' and 5' ends are antiparallel
        
        Double-stranded
        
        Nucleotides joined by covalent bonds called phosphodiester linkages
        
        Rungs are composed of longer purines and complementary short pyradines