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Method of psychology (Chapter2) (Research strategy (Research Design…
Method of psychology (Chapter2)
Research strategy
Research Design
Experiement
aim
to construct cause-effect relationship by controlling dependent and independent variables
within-subject experiment
the same subjects were performed all different types of independent variables
between subject experiment
The subjects are separated into two groups and each was used for two different independent variable
descriptive research
aim
to describe a group of population/ a phenomenon
correlational research
aim
to investigate the relationship between two variable
not case-effect; only correlation
measured by coe
Experiment setting
labrotary
controlled variables
good
can control and variables and draw relatively strong conclusion
bad
subject may change their pattern of behavior knowing that they are being observed (hawthrone effect)
field study
experimenter does not have control over variables
good
subject are more used to their environment and thus will be less likely to change your pattern of behaviors
bad
no control; hard to draw strong conclusion
Method of data collection
Self-report
introspection
test
disadvantage
require participants remember their experiences
observational studies
too much of a consume of energy, money and behavior
operatioanlization of variable
turning variables into measurable factors
statistics
descriptive
use to summerize the data set
means
mean
mode
standard deviation
correlation coefienct
inferential
access the likelihood whether the result of the experiment occur by chance
means
p-value
less than 0.05
indicating a 5 percent or lower probability that the result happen by chance
affect by
variability
size of effect
size of sample
random assignment can help with inferential statistics/ help generalize the result of the study into larger population
bias
definition
nonrandom effect that is caused by the factors that is extraneous to the factors controlled in the study
different kinds of bias
biased sample
the sample that is not the accurate representative of the population investigated
realiability of measerment
whether the experiement can be duplicated
duplicability
interobserver reliability
the same behavior seen by a person is also seen by another person
critierion
operational definition
what constitute an example of your dependent measure
validility
whether it measures or predicts what it intended to measure/predict
e.g
try to measure the size of dicl
but through the measure of palm
internal validity
whether the result of the experiment is resulted from the change of independent variable and not other factor
external validity
the result of the study can be generalized into the whole population
observer-expectancy bias
solution: double-blind
researcher's cognitive bias (willingness to make the experiment develops as the way he wants it to be) that make them subconsciously influence the participants
two ways
influence the behavior of the subjects
through changing its own behaviors
interpret the behavior of the subjects
consider those that are not the behaviors you intended to measure
subject expectancy bias
blind
subject anticipates a given result and thus subconsciously making their answers/behavior leaning toward that result
basic concept
fact
objective statement
100 people in the class
theory
an idea that tries to explaining existing facts while anticipating new facts
hypothesis
prediction that made about new fact