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energy transformations (energy (chemical, light, heat, kinetic, potential)…
energy transformations
energy
chemical
light
heat
kinetic
potential
energy stocks
'long term'
release STORED energy to do work
carbohydrates, protein, fats and oils
temporary
ready to use
for ongoing activities
ATP
carbohydrates
disaccharides
lactose
maltose
sucrose
polysaccharides
polymers of many sugar units
starch and glycogen
starch - alpha glucose subunits
yield monosaccharides to release energy
cellulose
beta-glucose subunits
monosaccharides
major fuel for cells
glucose and fructose
broken down to release energy or converted to starch/glycogen
lipids
triglyceride
glycerol
3 fatty acid chains
saturated fats
no double C-C bond
maximum number of H atoms bonded to each C
solid at room temperature
may contribute to CVD through plaque deposits
most animal fats
unsaturated fats
generally liquid at room temperature
have at least one double C-C bond
proteins
amino acids
carboxyl group
amino group
H
R group side chain
exergonic and endergonic
exergonic
release energy
spontaneous
endergonic
not-spontaneous
absorbs energy
metabolism
step-wise
each step catalysed by an enzyme
catabolism
break down large molecules
release energy
anabolism
build complex molecules
absorb energy
cellular work
transport
active tranport
mechanical
movement of organelles
chemical
enabling non-spontaneous anabolic reactions
energy coupling
ATP
temporary energy storage/transfer molecule
high energy