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The Emergence of the Americas in Global Affairs (1.3 U.S. Foreign Policy…
The Emergence of the Americas in Global Affairs
1.3 U.S. Foreign Policy
Open Door Policy: No Discrimination of foreign powers within a countries sphere of influence
Boxer Rebellion
The Big Stick: "Try to achieve goals through diplomacy but if all else fails, use force"
Russo-Japanese War
Algeciras
Panama Canal
Roosevelt Corollary
Santo Domingo
Venezuela
Responding to Extraterritoriality
Drago Doctrine
Dollar Diplomacy, Taft
Economic re-organization
Moral Diplomacy: Constitutional Liberties
1.1 U.S. Expansionist Foreign Policy
Background
Reconstruction Post Civil War
1870s - Economic Dislocation and Depression (Long Depression)
Economic expansion
More electricity
Human and natural resources used rapidly
More efficiency in production
Improvement in infrastructure
New business models
Horizontal and vertical integration
Rapid urbanization created poor living conditions which resulted in strikes, protests, unionization, etc.
Ideological Reasons for Expansion
Monroe Doctrine
The Americas were a combination of unstable states
1822 USA unilaterally recognizes all Latin American Countries
The Congress of Vienna sent a dangerous threat to newly independent Latin American
countries
Definition of Monroe Doctrine: The US would view any attempt by European countries to interfere in the western hemisphere as an act of aggression against the US
Written by John Quincy Adams and proposed by President Monroe
Manifest Destiny was justification of the for the annexation of Texas.
Manifest Destiny also justified Coast to Coast expansion
The concept was very broad and incorporated views of geography, race, economy, religion and social Darwinism
Moral Justification back by social darwinism
Herbert Spencer said there was scientific justification
The "White Man's Burden"
Expansion as Practical Necessity
Thayer Mahan and the influence of sea power
Economic Reasons: New Markets, Search for Profitability, Gold Standard put pressure on prices
Political Reasons: Samoan Protectorate, Hawaii Annexation, Venezuelaa
1.2 The Spanish-American War
Cuban Revolution
1895 - Cubans rise against Spanish colonizers
José Martí, writer: most influential Cuban nationalist
General Valeriano Weyler: Spanish General
Weyler: ordered Cubans into concentration camps without food or sanitation; thousands died
USA reasons for involvement
50 milion dollar investment
1985 - 20,000 Cubans living in the US lobbying the government
Yelllow Press
William Randolph Hearts and Joseph Pulitzer publish sensationalist stories
Friendly Cuba: expanded markets
Possible canal that would cut through the Isthmus of Panama
Cheaper importation (sugar, tobacco)
US Diplomatic response
US Diplomatic Response
Cleveland refused to intervene
McKinley was more willing to intervene diplomatically but not with the military
Much of the public saw intervention as a moral duty
Politicians were split
New York Journal (Yellow Journalism) published Dupuy de Lôme
USS Maine sinks in Havana; Spanish blamed
Congress approves funding for war
US Invades the Philippines
Spain held Guam, Philippines, Puerto Rico and Cuba but fight was mainly contained to Cuba
US Navy was prepares; US Army was not
US destroys Spanish forces in Manila Bay
US got hold of Philippines
McKinley calls for volunteers for war
Volunteer troops are given subpar weapons, clothing,training, etc.
Army was rife with disease
US attack in Santiago de Cuba
War cost US millions in money and 2500 men (16% war deaths, rest from disease)
The Aftermath: The Imperial Debate
Treaty of Paris: Cedes Puerto Rico and Guam to the US
Teller Amendment: Prohibited annexation of Cuba
Cuba: Independent
US paid 20 million for Philippines
American Anti-Imperialist League
US continued to occupy Cuba (infrastructure modernized, American capital)
Platt Amendment: guaranteed Cuban independence by prohibiting it from entering foreign treaties that would impair their freedom. US would have to right to intervene if that were the case.